globalisation and state crime

Question 1

acording to hobs and dunningham what did a traditional mafia set up look like?

Answer 1

a large scare hierachy with a undisputed leader at the top with underbooses and associates. very similary to a family

Question 2

according to hobbs and dunningham what does the model look like now

Answer 2

the new ‘hub model’ includes an individual in the middle with a loose newtork of connections around them who are toher indivudals seeksing opporunity not a close knit groups

Question 3

why has mafia crime moved towards this hub model?

Answer 3

due to globalisation contacts can be found from around the would and are no longer eneded to be gerographically in the same place.
allows people to put themelves at the front of thier business model rather than being part of a hierarhcy

more freedom and control of crimes

but less loyalty and contacts constantly changing less stable

Question 4

what does the hub model lead to?

Answer 4

glocal crime- while local crime still exsits it usually is reliant on global connection (increase in drug trade)

ex. selling cocaine is very gloval as it is made in counties such as argentina and then are sold in drug rigns locally in other cities

Question 5

evaluate on hobbes and dunningham?

Answer 5

some argeu that the hub model isnt new and the tow models have always co existed. members of mafias have always been involved loosley showing the two can be connected isnt a distincive change

Question 6

what sociologsts spoke about the mcmafia?

Answer 6

glenny

Question 7

what is a mcmafia?

Answer 7

organisations that emerged in russia following the fall of communism.
when communism fell the economy was de-regulated and the rich brought up all the natural supplies (this is where Putins money comes from)

this is arguably when transcational organsie crime can be traces back to

a mcmafia a franchise of gangs who pay for the right to oppoerate under the same name like a mcdonalds

Question 8

example of mc mafia

Answer 8

the chechen mafia embraced this new way to operate and the name became a brand that they sold to mafias in other towns

Question 9

how does this system benefit mafias and oligrachs

Answer 9

mafias can grow in size and infleunce earning money around the world and the oligarchs benefit from stability and protection

Question 10

evaluation of studying crime and globalisation

Answer 10

can exagerate the extent of crime- crime rattes have been falling in the UK. most crime is also low level and local

however is does focus on newer and more serious forms of crime

Question 11

how has globalisation led to an increase of new types of crime

Answer 11

• smuggling of illegal immigrants across boarders
• cuder crime like identiy theft
• drug trade whichis wroth 300-4000 billion anually at street prices

Question 12

how has globalisation led to risk consiousness

Answer 12

increased movement of people like workers and assylum seekers risen anxiery in the west about risks of global crimes and needing to protect boarders:

• led to UK toughing boarder regulations such as the nationalities and baorders bill which heavily restricts illegal immigration

Question 13

why does taylor argue that globalisation leads to more crime

Answer 13

globalisation allows large companies to switch mnaifacturing to low wage countries and wc have began to feel insecure in the loss of jobs and turning to crime as its more stable

• creates criminal opporunties on a grand scale for eleite groups like insider trading
• new patterns of employment such as illegal workers or those on under minimum wage breaking health and saftey laws

Question 14

evaluation of taylor

Answer 14

doesnt adequaltey explain how globasliarion makes people behave in criminal ways
not all poor people turn to crime
deterministic

Question 15

what do rothe and feridrich argue is causing the increase in crime

Answer 15

international financial organisaition such as the worl bank go into poor countries and start pro-cpaitalist’ economic programmes which usually involved cutting welfare to pay back the loans

in the case of rwanda this led to huge unemployment in the 1980s and provided an eocnomic base for the 1994 genocide

Question 16

how much is the drug trade worth in street prices?

Answer 16

300-400 million

Question 17

how much does castels estimate the golbal crime economy is worth?

Answer 17

1 trillion a year

Question 18

how much is the illegal drug market worth

Answer 18

32 billion higher than the GDP in 88% of counrties

Question 19

how many of all recorded crime in engladn and wales is drug related?

Answer 19

estimated half

Question 20

how can green crimes in one country affect another?

Answer 20

atmospheric pollution in one country can cause acid rain in another

Question 21

what risks does beck argue are present in a late modern scoiety

Answer 21

increase in technology has creates new ‘manufactured risks’ dangers that we have never faces before such as global warming many are global in nature and becka rgue this means modern society is a ‘global risk society’

Question 22

example of global risk society causing crimes

Answer 22

mozambique in 2010:
russia had the warmest heatwave ever due to global warming cuasing wildfires destorying grain. this had a knock on effect on moqambique who relied on theri exports and saw a 30% rise in bread prices
sparking extensive looting leaving dozens dead

Question 23

what problem of studying green crime is there

Answer 23

pollution and other envriomentally damaging acts arent neccicarily illegal

Question 24

what does green crime define as what a crime is

Answer 24

white argues that a green crime is one that harms the physical environment or humans and animals within it without breaking laws (zemiology)

Question 25

hwo do traditional criminologists view green crime

Answer 25

situ and emmons aregue the green crime is an unorthursied act of ommision that violates the law

Question 26

why is green criminoloigy a better appraoch to looking at green crimes?

Answer 26

different countreis have different laws so if it was based of off law breaking one country could be punished more harshly than others. defining it based on harm means that the definition can be applied to any country

and means the powerful law makers cannot shape or define law to protect their actions

Question 27

what are the two views of harm according to white?

Answer 27

the anthropocentic view: human centered view that humans have right to domainte earth putting economic growth before the enviroment

ecocentric view: humans and the enviroment are interdependent. envriomental harm affects humans

Question 28

what sociologists breaks down green crime into two main types?

Answer 28

carabine et al

Question 29

what are primary green crimes?

Answer 29

crimes that result dirctly from the destrsuticon of the earths resources

ex. crimes of air pollution as burning fossil fuels adds 6 billion tons of carbon into the atmosphere

walters argues that 2x as many people now die from air pollution induced breathing problems as 20 years ago

Question 30

how many people die from water pollution:

Answer 30

25 million die a year

Question 31

what are secondary green crimes?

Answer 31

grows out of the flouting of rules aimwd at preventing or regulating envirometnal disasters

Question 32

what two examples of secondary crimes does south suggest there are

Answer 32

sate violence against oppositional groups :
states condemn terrorism but they have been prepared to resort to similar illegal tactics themsleves sucha s in 1985 french ss blew up greenpeace ship in new zeland killing 1 person. the vessel was attempting to prevent green crime

hazardous waster and organised crimes:
disposal of txoci waster from checmial and nuclear industies
walters- 28,000 rusting bareels of radioactive waster lie on sea bed

Question 33

why is illegal waster disposal a problem for law enforcement

Answer 33

laws to regualte waste disposal in developed countries pushes business costs up so dump illegally in thrid wourld countries

Question 34

evaluation of green crimes

Answer 34

focsuing on the borad concepts of harm rather than legally defined crimes means ti is hard to define the boundaries of its feild fo study clearly. determing these boundaries involed making politicla sattemetns about this actions ought to be regarded as wrong

• critics argue thsi is amatter of values and cannot be established objectivley

Question 35

what is enviromental discrimination

Answer 35

south- poorer groups are worse effected by pollution. ex. black communities in the USA often find their housig situated next to grabase dumps

Question 36

how do green and war define state crime

Answer 36

illegal or deviant activies perpretrated by or with the complicity of state organisations

Question 37

what 4 types of state crime are there

Answer 37

McLaughlin

1) politics crimes like cencorship or corrutopm
2) crimes by security and police forces liek genocide and torture
3) economic crimes like violations of health adn saftery laws
4) social and cultural crimes such as insitutionalised cracism

Question 38

example of cambodian genocide

Answer 38

leader pol pot ordered the deahts of around2 million memebrs of the population (between 1/4 and 1/4) who were university educated or worse glasses become he wanted to go back to an agrarian society

Question 39

why can sates get away with genocides like cambodia

Answer 39

becuase leaders can hold a monoploy over the violence. as htey most powerful perosnin the country there is no one to persecute him

Question 40

how do michalowski and kramer distinguish between crimes committed by the state

Answer 40

state facilitated crimes
such as the failure of the syaye to fail to regulate coroprate behaviours which makes commiting crimes like the deepwater hirzion oil rig disater happen in 2012 where 11 people died becuase of BPs failure to take health and saftye precaustions that there facilitiated by the state having bad regualtion

state initiated crimes:
the challenger shuttle diasaster in which the state approved the creation of the challenger which cut costs killing 7 on board seconds after take off

Question 41

what two types of war crimes can a state commit?

Answer 41

illegal wars

crimes committes during war or in its aftermath

Question 42

illgal wars

Answer 42

under international law in all cases other than self defense war can only be delcared by the UN security council.
on this basis the iraq and afghanisam wards are illegal

kramer and michalowski argue that the US and UK justified their attacks as self defense by the flase claim that the iraquis possessed weapons of mass destruction

Question 43

crimes commited during war or its aftermath

Answer 43

kramer and michalowski identify other crimes committed by US governemtn in ira war such as the use of torture methods such as waterboarding

Question 44

what are the different definitions of state crimes

Answer 44

• domestic laws
• social harms
• labelling and societal reaction
• interantional law
• human rights

Question 45

domestic law

Answer 45

Chambliss-
defined by law as criminal and committed by state officials in pursuit of their jobs as representatives of the state

Ignores the fact states have the power to make laws and so can avoid criminalising their own actions

Question 46

social harms and zemiology

Answer 46

michalowski
if the act causes harm it is a crime despite of the laws

allows state lawmakers to not be protect by their own laws and regardless of differnt laws states cna be brough to justice

but where is the line drawn as to what harm is who decided what count as harm

Question 47

labelling and society reaction

Answer 47

kauzlarich
Weather an act constitutes as a crime depends on weather the audience view it as that

Recognises that state crime is socially constructed and as attitudes and views change our view on weather it’s a state crime can update. Stays modern within relms of the days norms and value

vague

Question 48

international law

Answer 48

rothe and mullins
Law created through treaties between states

Doesn’t depend on the sociologists own personal definitions of harm or who the relevnt social audience is instead uses globally agreed definitons of state crimes

Rulling class still defining what is and isn’t a crime

Question 49

human rights

Answer 49

Schwendinger

Sets a precedent around the wolrd that human rights should be respected and stgma comes from states who don’t respect it becuase human rights are a global social norm it makes states suspetible to shaming proving leverage to make them respect citizen’s rights

Violations of human rights are clear such as torture however crimes such as equal accsess to education what point does it show that a government doesn’t provide that? How does a state meet that quote
Issues in defining it

Question 50

why do state crimes take place?

Answer 50

• the authoritarian personality
• crimes of obedience
• modernity

Question 51

the authoritrian personality

Answer 51

adorno idenfites that an authoritarian personality includes a willingness to obey the orders of superiors without question.

research suggests that those who carry out torture arent psycopatths for exmaple adolf eichmann wasnt a abnormal man but had an authoritarin personality

Question 52

crimes of obedience

Answer 52

state crimes are usually crimes of conformity, since they require obdeience to a higher authoruity
research suggests that many people are willing to obey authority even when it involved harming others

green and ward- individuals who are torturers have to be re-socialised and exposed to propaganda abut ;the enemy’ along with torture being practiced in order for them to effectivley torture people like the nazis

three featuers that produce crimes of obedience are
- ahtorisation
routinsation
dehuminsation of the enemy

Question 53

modernity

Answer 53

bauman- key features of modern society allowed the holocuast to happen such as

• dvidion of labour
• beurcrasation
• instumnetal rationlity
• science and technlogy

Question 54

evaluation of explainations of state crimes

Answer 54

• not all genocides occur through a highly organised system that allows participats to distancet hemsleves from the killing. rwadnan genoice taken out by untrained groups
• ideological facotrs are also very importnt such as the 10 years of anti seminitic porpaganda

Question 55

what is the cultrue of denial

Answer 55

cohen argues that states have to now make a greatter effort to conceal or justify their human rights crimes or re label them as crimes in a three state ‘spiral of denial’

stage 1- it didint happen

stage 2- if it did happen its is somethign else such as self defense not murder

stage 3 even if it s what you say its justified ed ‘war on terror’