ethnicity and crime

Question 1

from 2018-2019 what was the arrest rates of ethnicity and crime

Answer 1

64% black per 1,000

10% white

Question 2

from 2018-2019 what was the difference of stop and search rates between ethnicity

Answer 2

black- 100 per 1000
white- 4

crime statistics underrepresent crimes of white perpretrators

Question 3

right realist explaination of ethnicity and crime

Answer 3

lack of father role model in black families leads to bad socialising and therfore turning to criminal subcultures

90% of single parent black families are headed by a women

Question 4

left realist explaination

Answer 4

• relatie deprivator, subcultures and marginaisation of black people in society forces them into crime to

Question 5

labelling on ehtnicity

Answer 5

tipifications. police are more likley to stop black men and overpolice them due to stereotypes
leading to over-representation in crime statistics

Question 6

marxist view

Answer 6

splitting the wc between black and write makes them fight each other rather than fight capitalism

Question 7

functionalism

Answer 7

strain theory. Black families are more likely to be working class and only have one income stream leading to wanting goals by illegitimate means 
subcultural theories of cholard and ohlin. based on where black families live within deprived areas leads them to different types of crimes

Question 8

philips and bwoling on policing

Answer 8

since the 1970s there have been many allegations of oppressive policing of ethnic communities including excessive surveillance, raids, deaths in custody and failure to deal with racist violence

Question 9

how many more times likely is it for black people to be stopped and searched?

Answer 9

7x

under the power of ‘reasonable suspicion gives police this power

Question 10

what act allows for asians to be more likely to be stopped and searched

Answer 10

terrorism act 2000

Question 11

in 2014 how many times higher was the arrest rate for black peopel comapred to white

Answer 11

3x higher

could be due to the fact that minority ethnic are more likely to defy offense and exercise their rights due to mistrust of the government

therefore they are less likely to be let off my caution

Question 12

why are cases of ethnic minorities more likely to be dropped at prosecution

Answer 12

bowling and philps argue this is due to lack of evidence from the police

OVERPOLICING AND LABELLING EVIDENCE

Question 13

what happens if court cases do go ahead

Answer 13

ethnic minorities more likely to choose a crown court with a dury due to distrust of magistrates

However crown courts can impose harsher sentences if found guilty

Question 14

what happens if court cases do go-ahead

Answer 14

ethnic minorities more likely to choose a crown court with a dury due to distrust of magistrates

However crown courts can impose harsher sentences if found guilty

Question 15

what does the fact that balck and asians are less likely to be found guilt at sentencing tell us

Answer 15

that discrimination of police and the crown prosecuting services wastes a lot of time trial ethnic minorities for crimes they didn’t commit due to their internalised stereotypes of the group

Question 16

what historic explanation is there as to why drugs were criminalized

Answer 16

• use of coke, heroin and opium was widely accepted in society, drug addiction was a public health issue but not a crime
• however, smoking opium was criminalised due to Chinese workers smoking it
• similarly, cocaine became criminalised due to the black community using it

Question 17

what % of stop and searches of black people result in an arrest

Answer 17

9%

OVERPOLICING AND TIPIFICATIONS

Question 18

left realist view on crime statistics

Answer 18

believe that the crime statisitics do reflect a difference between ethnicities

lea and young do beleive that crime of ethnic minoirties happens mroe due to racism leading to marginalisation and joining deliquant subcultures

they do recognise that the polic often act in a racist way and sometimes resutls in unjstified imporsonment of ethnic minsoroes, however they dont beelive that this can explain the gap

90% of crimes known to the police are reported by the public not found by racsit police

Question 19

neo marxist view on official stasitics

Answer 19

• stats are socially constructed and is the process of racist labelling and over policng

gilroy believes that black criminality is a myth and africna carriabeans are no mroe likely to commit a crime but due to racist stereotypes held by the police high stats

seeing ethnic minority crime was policial and being against pervious generations stuggles due to imperalism

pervious generatins were taught how to fight opression under imperialism by rioting who when they found themsleves facing racism in britian they adopted the same idea

Question 20

left realism criticism of neo marxism

Answer 20

• 1st generation of immigrants were very law-abiding do unlikely they passed down the tradition of anti-colonialism to their kids
• most crime is intra-ethnic so cant be seen as an anti-colonial struggle

Question 21

sentencing

Answer 21

blakc offenders have 3x higher imprisonment rate may be down to serviousness of offence of previous conviction

however
hood found that even when these 2 factors were equal between black and white black 5% more likely to get a custodical sentence

Question 22

reasons for harsher sentencing

Answer 22

pre sented reports PRS are writeen by probation officers to help assist magistrates in deciding on snentece

hudson fround that PSRs allowed for written descimination. asian PSRs conainted how they were less co-ooerative and remorseful than white offenders

Question 23

hall et al the policing crisis

Answer 23

study of the moral panic surrounding ‘black muggers’ in 1970s and found that there was no evidence to suggest higher rates of mugging were were taking place
balck muggers served as a scapregoat to disract from the cpaitlaism crisis of unemployment

beelives that the black mugger resembles social disintergration

divded the working class on racial means to make them fight rather than fighing against eachother

Question 24

crticism of hall’s policing crisis

Answer 24

bownes. and rock argue that there are large inconstancies with this argument. claims that black street crime was not rising
but also was rising due to black unemploment

Question 25

two more recent approaches to ethnic differences in crime cates

Answer 25

neighbourhood- fitzgerald examine facotrs such balck peole facing decsimination in the housing makret so ending up on poorer areas wehre theere are more interactions of street crimee

getting caught- sharp balkc offenders more liekly to be arrested becuse they are more likely to commit crimes such as robbery wehre the vicitm can easily idenitify them