control,punishment and victimisation Flashcards
what is community crime prevention
as opposed to situation crime prevention community is more focused on dealing with the root causes that predispose people to crime such as poverty, unemployment and housing rather than just reducing opportunity of crime
example of community crime prevention
the perry pre-school porject
aimed at reducing criminality in black children age 3-4 offering 2 year enrichment progamme where children recived weekly home visitics
by age 40 fewer had lifetime arrests and more graduated high school
every dollar spend on the progamme saved the prison and court sustem thousands of pounds
foucault on surveillance
disciplineseeks to govern not just the minds but the soul through surveillance
idea of the panopican being the idea that increased surveillace can make people practice ‘self-surveillane’ out of the fear of being watches and consequentally monitor behaviour
ex prisons
foucalts ‘dispersal of discipline’
prisons are just one type of insition that creates disciplinary power over toher.
other example are metnal asylums, factories and school
non prison based controls form part of a ‘caceral archipelago’ or series of prios islaands that spread into wider society so social workers nad teacher can person surveillance on population
fouvaluts argues disciplinary power is in all social insitions and panoptican seen everywehre
criticism of foucalts view of surveillance
norris argues that dozens of studies show that car parks with CCTV have little effect on stopping crimes and simply caused displacement to car parks without cameras
what is synoptic surveillance
mathiesen- surveillance only tells half of story. while panoptican allows the few to monitor the many today the media allows the many to monitor the few
everyone watches everyone
example of synoptic surveillance:
thompson found that powerful groups like politicans fear the media due to their power to produce damanging information
similaly ex. the fimliming of the police officers killing geroge floyd
criticism of synoptic surveillance
McChail argues that occasional bottom up scrutiny may be unable to disemble power the hierachy of surveillance
ex under recent terrorism legislation the police have power to consficate phones of ‘citizen journalists’
what are suveillance assemblages
haggerty- surveillance technology now involves the manipulation of virtual objects (digidal datte) in cyberspace rather than phsycial bodies
ex CCTV footage can be naalyse using facial recoginition
technological advancement means that we can create a ‘datet double; fo indivudals
what is acturial justice?
feeley- new power of technology allows people to be controlled in a new way
groups in society are surviallences by the use of ‘actual analysis’ that calculates the risk of particular events happening
ex. airport secuity screening are based on groups in society bcased on relgion or sex who having a high risk score and so are therfore screened
picks out likely offenders
categorical suspision
actuaial justice leads to what t.marx calls catergorial susputon
wehre people are places under suspiction of wrogndoing simply becuase they fit a certain group
ex 2010 west midalnds police introduce coutner terror scheme that surroinded muslim subeerbs with 150 cameras placing the whole town under suspiction
problem with acturial justice
creates a self fufilling phropehcy
tipification of offerners of knife crime being young balc males in cities means they will be stopped more and so caught more
what are the two justifications of punishment
- reduction
- retribution
what is reduction and how can it be carried out
punsihing offenders prevents future cirme. can be done through:
- deterrance: ‘making an example of them’ may act as a detterent to public EX short sharp shock
- rehabilitation: prividing education and training for pirsoners so they can go out into normal world and dont have to resort back to crime
- incapacitation: impriosnemtn, execution, cutting of hands or chemical castration
what is the justification for reduction strategies
its puts a means to the ends of crime
what is retribution
‘paying back’
based on the idea that criminals desere to be punsihed and society deserved to take revenge on offender
what is the functionalist view on punishment
durkheim argues that the function on punishment is to uphold social solidarity by allowing the law abiding citizens to come together to condemn the criminal for breaking the moral code
what are the two types of justices accoridng to durkehim
- retributive jsutice is used in a traditonal society whwere punishemnt provides a stong collective consciene wehre society cna pasionatley express anger at criminal through cruel punishment
- retutive justice used in moder society where punishment of vicitms aims to make a resition restoring things back to how they were before the offence occured
what is the marxist view of punishment?
rulling class exploits labour of subordinate class and works in the favour of the rulling classes
function of punishment is to maintain existing social order as its part of the repressive state aparatus it protects rulling class propety from the working classes
why has imprisonment become the dominant form of punishement under capitalism
- capitalism puts a price on the work’ers time so prisons do time to pay for their crimes
the rpison and capitalism facotry both have simial stict disciplinary style involving subordination and loss of liberty
melossi
how has the role of prisons chnge
pre-industrial prisons were maily used to hold offenders prior to their punishemnt
wehreare in liberal democracies impriosnemtn is regarded as the highest form of punishment
what evidence is there that shows that imprisonment is unaffective?
2/3 prisoners reoffend
critics say its an expensive way to make bad people wrose
what is populist punitivness
politicans have sought out elecetoral popularity by calling for tougher senteneces
as a reuslt the prison population has swollen to the record size of 85,000 in england and walse
what % of prison population are women?
5%
are we moving to an era of mass incarceration?
garland argues that the USA and to a lesser extent the Uk are moving towards mass incaceration
3% of maericans are in prisons which is 3x the impriosnment rate on europ
once figures rathe proportions like these garldan argues that impriosnment ceases to lock up criminals and becomes a systematic imprsionemtn of groups in the population ex young black men
example of overrepresetnation of black men in prison in USA
black americans make up 13% of USA’s prison poulation but accounts for 37% prisoners
marxists view of mass incarceration
downes- the prison system soaks up 30-40% of the working class so they cant be a problem to capitalism
what does garland argue mass incarceration is motivated by?
growing politicisation of crime control there is a new conceus of being tough on crime which caused it to shoot up
what is transcarceration
The idea that individuals become locked into a cycle of control, shifting between different carceral agencies in their life
ex someone who is brought up in care may be sent ot young offedners insitution then feaderal prisons
what alternatives are there to prison?
recently there has been a move towards community based control ssuch as community service orders and electronic tagging
cohen- growth of community controls has simply cast more contol (foucalt)
positivst victimology features
miers:
features such as
identifying factors that lead to patterns of victimisation
fousies on how victims have contibuted to theri own visitmisation
postiivists victimisatin studies
henting- found that there are 12 charactersitsic fo being a vicitm such as being a women anf old
wonflgang foundin a study of homocides that 26% included vicitm preciptation
criticsm of psotivies victimology
leads to victim blaming
crticial victimology
formed from conflict theories like marx and emfinism who focus on
the stucrual issues leading ot vrictimisation:
sucha s poverty and the patriarchy
and the power of the rulling classes and satte to grant of with hold viticm status
withholidng vitctim sttatus
tombs and whyte argue that the criminal justice system have the power to defien what a vicitm is
and its foud that in crime sof saftery powerful companies are ptotected by teh CJS by not labelling people who have been killed of injured by the compnaynot complying to health and aftery rules as ‘clumsy in order to procted the powerful
ideoligical reasons for witholdign vicitm status
concealing crime sof the powerful
class and victimisation
survey of 300 homesles people found that they are 12x mroe likely to have suffered from violent crimes due to sleeping rough and living in more owrking class areas with higer crime rates
age and victimisation
childnre under 1 most likely to be murdered due to vunerbaility and powerlessness
gender and victimisation
70% homocide vicitms are male
women more likley to be DV vicitms
exampls of repreat vicitmisation
if you have been a vicitm once you are likely to be a victim again
4% of the population have been vicitmsof 44% of all crimes
2 impacts of vicitmisation
- may create indirect vicitms such as childrne who have whitnesses assult who have greif related dreams and changed behavior
- secondary vicitmisation being abused by the CJS or police system and being underrepresetned
- fear of vcitimsiation
women unlikley to wlak alone due to fear
