control,punishment and victimisation

Question 1

what is community crime prevention

Answer 1

as opposed to situation crime prevention community is more focused on dealing with the root causes that predispose people to crime such as poverty, unemployment and housing rather than just reducing opportunity of crime

Question 2

example of community crime prevention

Answer 2

the perry pre-school porject
aimed at reducing criminality in black children age 3-4 offering 2 year enrichment progamme where children recived weekly home visitics

by age 40 fewer had lifetime arrests and more graduated high school

every dollar spend on the progamme saved the prison and court sustem thousands of pounds

Question 3

foucault on surveillance

Answer 3

disciplineseeks to govern not just the minds but the soul through surveillance

idea of the panopican being the idea that increased surveillace can make people practice ‘self-surveillane’ out of the fear of being watches and consequentally monitor behaviour

ex prisons

Question 4

foucalts ‘dispersal of discipline’

Answer 4

prisons are just one type of insition that creates disciplinary power over toher.
other example are metnal asylums, factories and school

non prison based controls form part of a ‘caceral archipelago’ or series of prios islaands that spread into wider society so social workers nad teacher can person surveillance on population

fouvaluts argues disciplinary power is in all social insitions and panoptican seen everywehre

Question 5

criticism of foucalts view of surveillance

Answer 5

norris argues that dozens of studies show that car parks with CCTV have little effect on stopping crimes and simply caused displacement to car parks without cameras

Question 6

what is synoptic surveillance

Answer 6

mathiesen- surveillance only tells half of story. while panoptican allows the few to monitor the many today the media allows the many to monitor the few

everyone watches everyone

Question 7

example of synoptic surveillance:

Answer 7

thompson found that powerful groups like politicans fear the media due to their power to produce damanging information

similaly ex. the fimliming of the police officers killing geroge floyd

Question 8

criticism of synoptic surveillance

Answer 8

McChail argues that occasional bottom up scrutiny may be unable to disemble power the hierachy of surveillance

ex under recent terrorism legislation the police have power to consficate phones of ‘citizen journalists’

Question 9

what are suveillance assemblages

Answer 9

haggerty- surveillance technology now involves the manipulation of virtual objects (digidal datte) in cyberspace rather than phsycial bodies

ex CCTV footage can be naalyse using facial recoginition

technological advancement means that we can create a ‘datet double; fo indivudals

Question 10

what is acturial justice?

Answer 10

feeley- new power of technology allows people to be controlled in a new way

groups in society are surviallences by the use of ‘actual analysis’ that calculates the risk of particular events happening

ex. airport secuity screening are based on groups in society bcased on relgion or sex who having a high risk score and so are therfore screened
picks out likely offenders

Question 11

categorical suspision

Answer 11

actuaial justice leads to what t.marx calls catergorial susputon
wehre people are places under suspiction of wrogndoing simply becuase they fit a certain group

ex 2010 west midalnds police introduce coutner terror scheme that surroinded muslim subeerbs with 150 cameras placing the whole town under suspiction

Question 12

problem with acturial justice

Answer 12

creates a self fufilling phropehcy
tipification of offerners of knife crime being young balc males in cities means they will be stopped more and so caught more

Question 13

what are the two justifications of punishment

Answer 13

• reduction

- retribution

Question 14

what is reduction and how can it be carried out

Answer 14

punsihing offenders prevents future cirme. can be done through:

• deterrance: ‘making an example of them’ may act as a detterent to public EX short sharp shock
• rehabilitation: prividing education and training for pirsoners so they can go out into normal world and dont have to resort back to crime
• incapacitation: impriosnemtn, execution, cutting of hands or chemical castration

Question 15

what is the justification for reduction strategies

Answer 15

its puts a means to the ends of crime

Question 16

what is retribution

Answer 16

‘paying back’

based on the idea that criminals desere to be punsihed and society deserved to take revenge on offender

Question 17

what is the functionalist view on punishment

Answer 17

durkheim argues that the function on punishment is to uphold social solidarity by allowing the law abiding citizens to come together to condemn the criminal for breaking the moral code

Question 18

what are the two types of justices accoridng to durkehim

Answer 18

• retributive jsutice is used in a traditonal society whwere punishemnt provides a stong collective consciene wehre society cna pasionatley express anger at criminal through cruel punishment
• retutive justice used in moder society where punishment of vicitms aims to make a resition restoring things back to how they were before the offence occured

Question 19

what is the marxist view of punishment?

Answer 19

rulling class exploits labour of subordinate class and works in the favour of the rulling classes

function of punishment is to maintain existing social order as its part of the repressive state aparatus it protects rulling class propety from the working classes

Question 20

why has imprisonment become the dominant form of punishement under capitalism

Answer 20

• capitalism puts a price on the work’ers time so prisons do time to pay for their crimes

the rpison and capitalism facotry both have simial stict disciplinary style involving subordination and loss of liberty

melossi

Question 21

how has the role of prisons chnge

Answer 21

pre-industrial prisons were maily used to hold offenders prior to their punishemnt

wehreare in liberal democracies impriosnemtn is regarded as the highest form of punishment

Question 22

what evidence is there that shows that imprisonment is unaffective?

Answer 22

2/3 prisoners reoffend

critics say its an expensive way to make bad people wrose

Question 23

what is populist punitivness

Answer 23

politicans have sought out elecetoral popularity by calling for tougher senteneces

as a reuslt the prison population has swollen to the record size of 85,000 in england and walse

Question 24

what % of prison population are women?

Answer 24

5%

Question 25

are we moving to an era of mass incarceration?

Answer 25

garland argues that the USA and to a lesser extent the Uk are moving towards mass incaceration

3% of maericans are in prisons which is 3x the impriosnment rate on europ

once figures rathe proportions like these garldan argues that impriosnment ceases to lock up criminals and becomes a systematic imprsionemtn of groups in the population ex young black men

Question 26

example of overrepresetnation of black men in prison in USA

Answer 26

black americans make up 13% of USA’s prison poulation but accounts for 37% prisoners

Question 27

marxists view of mass incarceration

Answer 27

downes- the prison system soaks up 30-40% of the working class so they cant be a problem to capitalism

Question 28

what does garland argue mass incarceration is motivated by?

Answer 28

growing politicisation of crime control there is a new conceus of being tough on crime which caused it to shoot up

Question 29

what is transcarceration

Answer 29

The idea that individuals become locked into a cycle of control, shifting between different carceral agencies in their life

ex someone who is brought up in care may be sent ot young offedners insitution then feaderal prisons

Question 30

what alternatives are there to prison?

Answer 30

recently there has been a move towards community based control ssuch as community service orders and electronic tagging

cohen- growth of community controls has simply cast more contol (foucalt)

Question 31

positivst victimology features

Answer 31

miers:
features such as
identifying factors that lead to patterns of victimisation
fousies on how victims have contibuted to theri own visitmisation

Question 32

postiivists victimisatin studies

Answer 32

henting- found that there are 12 charactersitsic fo being a vicitm such as being a women anf old

wonflgang foundin a study of homocides that 26% included vicitm preciptation

Question 33

criticsm of psotivies victimology

Answer 33

leads to victim blaming

Question 34

crticial victimology

Answer 34

formed from conflict theories like marx and emfinism who focus on
the stucrual issues leading ot vrictimisation:
sucha s poverty and the patriarchy

and the power of the rulling classes and satte to grant of with hold viticm status

Question 35

withholidng vitctim sttatus

Answer 35

tombs and whyte argue that the criminal justice system have the power to defien what a vicitm is

and its foud that in crime sof saftery powerful companies are ptotected by teh CJS by not labelling people who have been killed of injured by the compnaynot complying to health and aftery rules as ‘clumsy in order to procted the powerful

Question 36

ideoligical reasons for witholdign vicitm status

Answer 36

concealing crime sof the powerful

Question 37

class and victimisation

Answer 37

survey of 300 homesles people found that they are 12x mroe likely to have suffered from violent crimes 
due to sleeping rough and living in more owrking class areas with higer crime rates

Question 38

age and victimisation

Answer 38

childnre under 1 most likely to be murdered due to vunerbaility and powerlessness

Question 39

gender and victimisation

Answer 39

70% homocide vicitms are male

women more likley to be DV vicitms

Question 40

exampls of repreat vicitmisation

Answer 40

if you have been a vicitm once you are likely to be a victim again

4% of the population have been vicitmsof 44% of all crimes

Question 41

2 impacts of vicitmisation

Answer 41

• may create indirect vicitms such as childrne who have whitnesses assult who have greif related dreams and changed behavior
• secondary vicitmisation being abused by the CJS or police system and being underrepresetned
• fear of vcitimsiation
  women unlikley to wlak alone due to fear