Globalisation

Question 1

Castells

Answer 1

The global criminal economy is worth £1 trillion

Question 2

Hobbs and Dunningham

Answer 2

Crime now has a “glocal” element, whereby organisations have a global network, but with a local base

Question 3

Taylor

Answer 3

Global society has enabled rich capitalist countries to exploit the lower wages and lowered health and safety standards in poorer/developing countries to increase profit. This exploitation is rife in a globalised world

Question 4

Glenny

Answer 4

The McMafia: Studied the increase of organised criminal networks that have been established since the fall of communism. Rich Russian oligarchs bought up regulated goods that were cheap on the communist market, but expensive to sell to capitalist countries

Question 5

Held

Answer 5

Growing interconnectedness across borders gives new opportunities for crime. Organised crime is now transnational and has created new crimes such as cyber crime

Question 6

Beck

Answer 6

We have a global risk consciousness where we are more aware of potential threats. An example of this is interpol
Increases in productivity and technology have created new manufactured risks that can harm the environment, such as global warming with greenhouse gases

Question 7

Rothe and Friedrichs

Answer 7

Examined international financial organisations and found that they were dominated by the major capitalist states. These bodies impose capitalist, neoliberal “structural adjustment programmes” on poor countries as a condition for loans which require cuts on welfare, health and education spending. The effects of this are seen in the Rwandan genocide.

Question 8

South

Answer 8

Two types of crime; primary (deforestation) and secondary (breaking rules that protect the environment)

Question 9

White

Answer 9

We should apply “harm” when looking at green crime. There are two ways of looking at crime; ecocentric and anthropocentric

Question 10

McLaughlin

Answer 10

Discusses four types of state crimes (PECS)

Question 11

Hillyard

Answer 11

Suggests we define state crime through “harms” and how harmful the act is, rather than a legal definition (zemiology)

Question 12

Shwendingers

Answer 12

We could universally define crime as those that break human rights, such as Guantanamo Bay

Question 13

Kelman and Hamilton

Answer 13

Explain crimes of obedience occurring due to socialisation and social processes that make the actions acceptable. There are three; (HARD) authorisation, routinisation and dehumanisation

Question 14

Bauman

Answer 14

The social conditions that led to the holocaust are evident in modern society i.e. science and technology being used to make killing part of a routine

Question 15

Cohen

Answer 15

States use a three stage spiral of denial, e.g. it didn’t happen, if it did it is something else, and even if it is what you say it is it is justified. States will use Matza’s techniques of neutralisation to justify and get away with criminal behaviours e.g. denial of victim

Question 16

Winlow

Answer 16

Globalisation and deindustrialisation have created new criminal opportunities and patterns at a local level, as seen with the Sunderland bouncer study

Question 17

Kramer and Michalowski

Answer 17

Distinguished between state-initiated and state-facilitated crimes

Question 18

Adorno et al.

Answer 18

Certain personalities are socialised to be more obedient