Ethnicity

Question 1

Gilroy

Answer 1

Discusses a myth of black criminality where black people are presented as criminals (e.g. mugging). Crime is a form of political resistance dating from when black individuals had to fight back against colonial rule

Question 2

Holdaway

Answer 2

Identified a “canteen culture” whereby the police use racist and stereotypical language when discussing ethnic minorities, which affects their policing

Question 3

Lea and Young

Answer 3

Ethnic minorities experience more marginalisation and relative deprivation than white individuals as they are more likely to be unemployed and live in poorer areas, and this leads them to commit more crime. Individuals join a subculture and feel individualism (are more focused on themselves)

Question 4

Cicourel

Answer 4

Police officers typify criminals as being an ethnic minority, which means they are more likely to stop and search black individuals, which results in more criminal activity being discovered

Question 5

Hall et al.

Answer 5

The Bourgeoisie uses moral panics to divide the working-class, which is often done along ethnic lines, as seen with the black mugger, making ethnic minorities demonised and victimised

Question 6

Miller

Answer 6

The working-class have focal concerns to keep them safe which makes them more likely to commit crime, such as toughness and smartness. As ethnic minority families experience racism and are concerned with keeping their children safe from this, they also experience similar focal concerns

Question 7

Messerschmidt

Answer 7

Black lower-working-class males try to achieve masculinity through joining violent gangs

Question 8

Wilson and Herrnstein

Answer 8

Black people are more aggressive due to genes

Question 9

What can be used to support the canteen culture?

Answer 9

The McPherson report which showed institutional racism