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Sociology A2 > GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: theories > Flashcards

GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT: theories Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Modernisation Theory

A

A Functionalist, Cold War theory developed by the Capitalist nations in the 60s. Does not separate development and capitalism

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2
Q

What is the Marshall Plan?

A

(1947)
First big application of Modernisation Theory
It ensured a captive market for US goods and services. Most European manufacturing was destroyed in the War so the European countries bought US goods with US loans. Created dependency.

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3
Q

What is the Rostow Model?

A
  • Linked to Modernisation
  • Staircase model
  • Describes how Capitalism helps countries develop
  • Subtitled an ‘Anti Communist Manifesto’
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4
Q

Who was Rostow?

A

An economist working for the US government. Intended to draw European countries towards the Capitalist side of the Cold War.

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5
Q

Who theorised the Barriers to Development?

A

Talcott Parsons

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6
Q

What are Parson’s Barriers to Development?

A
  1. Traditional values and attitudes
  2. Lacking a meritocratic drive
  3. High Birth Rates
  4. Lack of individual desire to compete
  5. Lack of modern technology
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7
Q

How has modernisation through Technology happened?

A

traditional equipment > scientific machinery

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8
Q

How has modernisation through Agriculture happened?

A

subsistence farming > commercial mass production

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9
Q

How has modernisation through Industry happened?

A

humans/animals > machines

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10
Q

How has modernisation through Geography happened?

A

farm/village > town/city

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11
Q

How has modernisation through Politics happened?

A

ascribed status > liberal democracy

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12
Q

How has modernisation through Society & Culture happened?

A

kinship groups > nuclear families

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13
Q

What did Hoselitz believe?

A

People had to accept new patterns of work. Western ideas could be spread through mass media and education. Cities act as a centre and spread to rural areas. Pattern of Empire Building.

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14
Q

What year was Hoselitz theory?

A

1952

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15
Q

What year was the Rostow Model created?

A

1960

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16
Q

Dependency Theory

A

Response to Modernisation. 1970s.Influenced by socialist ideology, Marxist ideology and Radical theory. Focused on external factors that impede development and considered development from the perspective of LEDCs and LLEDCs.

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17
Q

What is Frank’s Theory?

A
  • HIghlighted exploitation that was encouraged by modernisation
  • It’s in the interest of rich countries to keep poor countries underdeveloped.
  • Preventing development means we can extract material and cheap labour from poor countries while also selling them our technology and expertise
18
Q

What year did Frank theorise Underdevelopment?

A

1969

19
Q

Neocolonialism

A

Taking charge of other countries with investment or aid and exploiting their population/natural resources.

20
Q

Colonialism

A

Taking charge of countries with an army and exploiting their population.

21
Q

What is Metropolis vs Satellite?

A

Rich countries keep poor countries poor. Development od the metropolis exploits the satellite. Western nations buy off of a small elite in underdeveloped countries.

22
Q

World Systems Theory

A

Marxist theory. Describes the world as a single unified capitalist system. System is more dynamic and countries can move up or down the hierarchy.

23
Q

What are the six stages of the Marxist Stage Theory?

A
  1. Primitive Communism
  2. Imperialism
  3. Feudalism
  4. Capitalism
  5. Socialism
  6. Communism
24
Q

Primitive Communism stage

A

Hunter gathering. Working together in order to survive. No private properties and no classes. Most successful hunter gatherers gained power and control over others.

25
Q

Imperialism Stage

A

Strong man ruled. He owned land and granted it for military services. Land owning aristocracy.

26
Q

Feudalism Stage

A

Land owned by aristocracy that exploited working peasantry. Surplus of food which aristocracy sold to others. Class of merchants and capitalists who shared political power.

27
Q

Capitalism stage

A

Bourgeoisie obtained political power and exploited proletariat. Proletariat become politically aware and rise up to overthrow.

28
Q

Socialism stage

A

Dictatorship of proletariat re-distributing food, goods and services fairly according to need. Equality superior to private ownership.

29
Q

Communism Stage

A

Everyone joined together for the common good. Money and government no longer needed, and society is classless.

30
Q

Who’s the main thinker for World Systems Theory?

A

Wallerstein

31
Q

Strengths of WST

A

Inclusion of semi-periphery as it’s often neglected but is a key transitory phase

32
Q

Weakness of WST

A

Neglects internal factors affecting periphery countries

33
Q

Weakness of Dependency theory

A

Neoliberalists argue it is mainly internal factors, like corruption, responsible for underdevelopment, not exploitation

34
Q

Strength of Dependency theory

A

Gives a plausible explanation as to why wealthy countries are taking advantage of poor countries

35
Q

Strength of Modernisation theory

A

Describes a process common to the development of many different societies

36
Q

Weakness of Modernisation theory

A

Ethnocentric approach and describes the only route to development as to follow the example of the USA.

37
Q

Theory Impasse

A

No consensus among sociologists

38
Q

Reasons for Theory Impasse

A
  • Development theories failed
  • Postmodernists appeared
  • Globalisation posed issues for existing theories
  • Environmentalism
39
Q

Failure of development theories as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

1980s known as the lost decade due to series of financial crashes and social problems. Couldn’t explain ‘Asian Tigers’ (Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong)

40
Q

Postmodernist appearance as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

Called all development theories ‘ethnocentric’ and introduced the term ‘post development’. Wanted to look beyond capitalist development and count other types.

41
Q

Globalisation posing issues for existing theories as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

As state lines became blurred and lost meaning, some argued old theories were out of date.

42
Q

Environmentalism as an explanation for Theory Impasse

A

Not everyone agreed development was sustainable or desirable, if it damaged the planet

Sociology A2 (24 decks)

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