glaucoma Flashcards
what are the three muscles affected by the autonomic nervous system in the eye
pupillary dilator, pupillary constrictor, ciliary muscle
what are the actions/ stimulations at each of the 3 muscles in the eye?
pupillary dilator = alpha adrenoceptor, mydriasis
pupillary constrictor = M3, miosis
ciliary muscle = M3 causes contraction, myopia and outflow of aqueous humor, decreasing IOP
what is the epithelium target in the eye, what is it stimulated by, and what does it do
ciliary epithelium, beta, increased secretion of aqueous humor
what are the 2 forms of glaucoma
open angle, cornea and iris
angle closure , ciliary body and iris
what is the typical treatment for open-angle glaucoma
- topical beta blocker therapy
- cholinergic agonist or cholinesterase inhibitor
- adrenaline or apraclonidine
- carbonic anhydrase
what is the beta blocker regularly used to treat glaucoma? how is it unlike propranolol
timolol, no local anesthetic effects
what us the muscarinic agonist usually used to treat glaucoma? what are the untoward effects of it?
pilocarpine
miosis
myopia
what are the anticholinesterases used to treat glaucoma
echothiophate and physostigmine
what is another drug used to treat glaucoma by relaxing the trabecular network.
what is the endogenous ligand for the receptors they act on
cannbinoids
anandamine
what kind of receptors are CB1
heptahelical, Gi
what drug is used to dilate pupils for ocular examination?
atropine
what is the test used to diagnose Horner’s syndrome?
cocaine test
what is horner’s syndrome?
interruptions of oculo-sympathrtic nerve pathway between hypothalamus and eye
how can drugs be used to determine which neuron is damaged in Horner’s syndrome
amphetamine, if there is no dilation, then it is in the 3rd neuron, if there is dilation, its in the 1 or 2 neurons
