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Anatomy > Glands And Membranes (ch 3) > Flashcards

Glands And Membranes (ch 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there a limit on cell size?

A

An overly large sell cannot support itself, it may rupture

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2
Q

Cell structure: plasma membrane

A 
Aka cell membrane
Surrounds cells, defines boundaries
Made of proteins and lipids
Governs interactions with other cells
Controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell
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3
Q

Cell structure: cytoplasm

A

Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (stored or foreign particles)
Cytosol (intracellular fluid/ICF)

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4
Q

Cell structure: extracellular fluid

A

fluid outside of cells - includes ground substance

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5
Q

What is the purpose of cell junctions?

A

They are connections between two cells

They are anchored to each other or to the matrix

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6
Q

What are the 3 main categories of cell junctions?

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
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7
Q

What type of proteins make up tight junctions?

A

Transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins

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8
Q

Describe tight junctions

A

Completely encircled near the apical surface
No intercellular space
NO GAPS
Used to keep stuff out (or selectively force stuff to go certain places)
“zippers”

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9
Q

What makes up gap (communicating) junctions?

A

Connexons

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10
Q

Describe gap junctions

A

Six transmembrane proteins arranged around a pore

Ions, nutrients, and other small solutes can pass between cells

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11
Q

Where are tight junctions found?

A

Digestive tract - the stomach is very acidic

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12
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissue, lens and cornea

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13
Q

Describe desmosomes

A 
Patch that holds cells together
Not continuous
Resist mechanical stress
Hook-like, J-shaped proteins
Anchor cytoskeleton to protein plaque, joined by cell adhesion proteins
"snaps"
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14
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Half desmosomes

Anchor basal cells to basement membrane

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15
Q

What is the difference between a secretion and an excretion?

A

Secretion: products useful in body
Excretion: waste products

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16
Q

What are the two classifications of glands?

A
  1. exocrine

2. endocrine

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17
Q

How do exocrine glands make contact with the surface of the epithelium?

A

Ducts (surfaces can be external or internal)

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18
Q

How do endocrine glands make contact with surface of the epithelium?

A

They don’t, they secrete their products directly into the blood stream

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19
Q

What are hormones? Which type of gland secretes them?

A

Chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body
Secreted by endocrine glands

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20
Q

What are unicellular glands?

A

Found in predominantly non-secretory epithelium
Exocrine or endocrine
Ex: goblet cells in the trachea, endocrine cells of digestion

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the capsule in exocrine gland structure?

A

Connective tissue covering

Extensions ar ether capsule: septa/trabeculae (divide interior of glad into compartments/lobes)

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the stroma in exocrine gland structure?

A

Connective tissue framework
Includes blood vessels, nerves, etc
Supports/organized glandular tissues

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the parenchyma in exocrine gland structure?

A

Cells of synthesis and secretion

Typically cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium

24
Q

What are the two classifications of glands based on duct shape?

A
  1. simple (unbranched)

2. compound (branched)

25
Q

What are the 3 shapes of glands

A
  1. Tubular: narrow secretary portion
  2. Acinar: secretory cells form dilated sac
  3. Tubuloacinar: both tubular and acinar portions
26
Q

What are the 3 types of glands based on type of secretions

A
  1. serous glands
  2. mucous glands
  3. Mixed glands
27
Q

What do serous glands secrete?

A

Thin, watery fluids
Ex: perspiration, tears
High enzymatic content (digestive juices)

28
Q

What do mucous glands secrete?

A

Glycoprotien (mucin)

Mucin absorbs water, sells, and forms mucous

29
Q

What is an example of a mixed gland?

A

Salivary glands

30
Q

What are the three types of glands based on release of the secretion?

A
  1. Merocrine (eccrine)
  2. Apocrine
  3. Holocrine
31
Q

How do merocrine/eccrine glands work?

A

Exocytosis
The vesicles travel to the surface and release to exterior
Looks like it’s spraying out
(most exocrine glands are eccrine glands)
Ex: tear glands, pancreases, mammary glands

32
Q

How do apocrine glands work?

A

Packages are produces in the cytosol (covered by membrane)
The packages are pushed to the surface of the cells and a droplet buds off cell surface
Ex: milk fat in mammary glands

33
Q

How do holocrine glands work?

A

The gland secretes itself

Ex: oil gland of scalp and eyelid

34
Q

What specific membranes are made of only connective tissue?

A

dura mater, synovial membranes, periosteum

35
Q

What specific membranes are made of only epithelium?

A

anterooms surfaces of cornea, lens of eye

36
Q

What is the largest membrane?

A

Cutaneous

37
Q

What is the purpose of mucous membranes?

A

Line passageways
Absorptive, secretory, and protective
Ex: digestive, urinary, reproductive

38
Q

How many layers make up mucous membranes?

A

2-3:
Epithelium
Lamina propria (overlying CT - areolar)
Muscular mucosae (smooth muscle)

39
Q

What is the purpose of serous membranes?

A

Line thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities; internal organs

Reduces friction

40
Q

What are serous membranes made of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Thin layer of areolar tissue

41
Q

What is another word for internal organs?

A

Viscera

42
Q

What divides the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

Diaphragm

43
Q

What is the outermost layer of a serous membrane called? Innermost layer?

A

Outermost - parietal serous membrane

Innermost - visceral serous membrane

44
Q

What are the 3 portions of the thoracic cavity?

A

right, left, and medial

45
Q

What makes up the medial thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinum (heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, etc)

46
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

serous membrane that lines the heart

47
Q

What makes up the right/left thoracic cavity?

A

lungs

48
Q

Lungs are surrounded by _______

A

visceral pleura

49
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity: what is included in the superior (abdominal) cavity?

A

Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, most intestines

50
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity: what is included in the inferior (pelvic) cavity?

A

Rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs, large intestine

51
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A 
Lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Parietal - lines cavities
Visceral - lines organs
Retroperitoneal - behind peritoneum
Intraperitoneal - inside peritoneum
52
Q

Whats the difference in the cranial cavity and vertebral canal?

A

Cranial cavity - cranium/skull and brain

Vertebral canal - vertebrae and spinal cord

53
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Membranous layers that line the cranial and vertebral cavities
Contains cerebrospinal fluid for nourishment
Not serous fluids

54
Q

What are endothelium membranes made of and what do they do?

A

Made of simple squamous epithelium, lines the circulatory system

55
Q

What do synovial membranes do and what are they made of?

A

Made of only connective tissue, line freely movable joints

Synovial fluid makes the joints slippery for smooth movement

Anatomy (14 decks)

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