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Anatomy > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the integumentary system?

A

Skin, hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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2
Q

What percentage of body weight does your skin make up?

A

7-15%

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3
Q

What tissue types make up the integumentary system?

A

All 4

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4
Q

What are the two primary regions of the skin? What is the region that is not part of the skin but often studied together?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
    Not skin - hypodermis
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5
Q

What does the skin protect against?

A

Resists physical trauma and infection (keratin and desmosomes)
Bacterial invasion (sebum is acidic, dendritic cells phagocytize pathogens, outer layer is dead and dry)
UV Radiation

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6
Q

How does the skin regulate water loss/absorption?

A

Keratinized cells control water entering/leaving the body

Insensible and sensible perspiration

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7
Q

What is the difference between insensible and sensible perspiration?

A

Insensible is the release of water when not visibly sweating, sensible is visible sweat

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8
Q

Why is the skin important in vitamin D production?

A

Vitamin D production is important in bone development and requires small amounts of UV light to produce

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9
Q

How does the skin gather sensory information?

A

It’s the largest sensory organ. It senses tough, pressure, pain, and temperature and supply the CNS with information about external condictions

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10
Q

How does the skin regulate body temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors
When body temp increases, blood vessels dilate and sweat glands become active
When body temp decreased, blood vessels constrict and piloerector muscles contract

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11
Q

How does the skin help with communication?

A

Facial expression

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12
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

(starting at outermost layer)

  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Status spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
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13
Q

Which of the 5 layers of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

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14
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Describe the epidermis (types of cells, vascular/avascular, nerves, etc)

A

Outer, thin region
Dead cells
Lacks blood vessels - diffusion of nutrients comes from basement membrane/CT
Few nerve endings - touch and pain

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16
Q

What types of cells make up the epidermis?

A
  1. stem cells
  2. keratinocytes
  3. melanocytes
  4. tactile (merkel)
  5. dendritic cells
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17
Q

What are epidermal stem cells are where are they found?

A

Undifferentiated cells

Found int he stratum basale

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18
Q

What do keratinocytes do?

A

Synthesize keratin (most of the epidermal cells)

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19
Q

What do melanocytes do and where are they found?

A

Synthesize the pigment melanin (which shields DNA)

Found in the statue basale

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20
Q

What do tactical/merkel cells do and where are they found?

A

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

Found in the stratum basale

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21
Q

What do dendritic cells do and where are they found?

A

Act as macrophages/immune cells
They originate in bone marrow
Found in the stratum spinosium and stratum granulosium

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22
Q

What happens in the stratum basle?

A

Constant cell division

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23
Q

What happens in the stratum spinosum

A

Some cell division, keratin produced

Cells flatten superficially

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24
Q

What happens in the stratum granulosum?

A

lamellar bodies release lipid contents

Cornified cellular envelope develops (CE)

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25
Q

What happens in the stratum lucidum?

A

Friction protection

Only in thick skin

26
Q

What happens in the stratum corneum?

A

Several layers of dead, keratinized cells
Mechanical barrier
Prevents desiccation

27
Q

What 3 factors determine skin color?

A
  1. pigments
  2. blood circulating through skin
  3. thickness of stratum corneum
28
Q

What are the two types of skin pigments?

A

Melanin (determined by genetics, hormones, exposure to light) and Carotene (yellow pigment)

29
Q

Where do you find melanocytes?

A

S. basale and S. spinosum

30
Q

Do darker skinned people have more melanocytes?

A

No, each melanocyte just produces more melanin and the melanocytes are more spread out (basale -> corneum)

31
Q

What are local concentrations of melanin called?

A

Freckles and moles

32
Q

What are dermal papillae?

A

Upward, finger-like extensions of the dermis

33
Q

What are epidermal ridges?

A

Downward waves of epidermis

resists slippage, stress, and gets nutrients to epidermis

34
Q

What are lamellar corpuscles?

A

Allow for sensitivity to texture via vibration on friction ridges (finger prints)

35
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis? Which is deeper?

A 
Papillary layer (superficial)
Reticular layer (Deeper/thicker)
36
Q

What are some things found in the papillary layer?

A

Areolar tissue, tactile corpuscles, free nerve endings, blood vessels

37
Q

What are some things found in the reticular layer?

A

Dense irregular CT, tick bundles of collagen, sweat glands, nail roots, hair follicles, heat receptors, lamellar corpuscles

38
Q

Explain vasoconstriction/vasodilation and how it affects body temperature and blood pressure? Where are these vessels found?

A

Vasoconstriction - vessels narrow to reduces blood flow to skin, helps conserve heat
Vasodilation - vessels hidden to increase blood flow to skin, help release heat
Vessels are found in the dermis

39
Q

What is the hypodermis and what types of tissue make it up?

A

Subcutaneous layer, used for protection and binding

Tissues: areolar Ct, adipose tissue

40
Q

What types of cells make up the hair and nails?

A

Dead keratinized cells

41
Q

Where is hair NOT found on the body?

A

Palms, soles, lips, nipples, external repro. organs

42
Q

What are the functions of scalp hair?

A

retain heat

prevent sunburn and skin cancer

43
Q

What are the functions of eyebrow hair?

A

Accentuate facial expressions
Reduce glare
Funnel sweat out of eyes

44
Q

What are the functions of beard, pubic, and auxiliary hair?

A

Demonstrate maturity (puberty)

45
Q

What are the functions of guard hairs (vibrissae) hair?

A

Block foreign particles (nostrils, ears, eyes)

46
Q

What are the functions of trunk/limb hair?

A

Evolutionary remnants

Sensory

47
Q

What are the functions of eyelashes?

A

Shield eyes

48
Q

What determines hairiness?

A

Differences in texture and pigment of hair

49
Q

What are the three types of hair?

A
  1. lanugo
  2. vellus
  3. terminal
50
Q

Describe lanugo hair and where/when is it found?

A

Fine, downy, unpigmented hair

Appears on the fetus (last 3 months of development)

51
Q

Describe vellus hair and where/when is it found?

A

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo by time of birth

All the hair of children except eyebrows, eye lashes, and scalp hair

52
Q

Describe terminal hair and where/when is it found?

A

Longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented
Eyebrows, eyelashes, and scape
At puberty, terminal hair replaces vellus hair

53
Q

What are the 3 zones in the structure of the hair/follicle?

A 
Hair bulb (swelling in dermis or hypodermis, only living hair cells)
Hair root (remainder of follicle)
Hair shaft (portion above skin surface)
54
Q

What are the 3 layers of hair (in a cross section)?

A

Medulla (core, absent from thin hair)
Cortex (bulk)
Cuticle (surface)

55
Q

What does the arrestor pili muscle do?

A

Contracts in response to stiuli

Smooth muscle attaching hair follicle to dermis, “goosebumps”

56
Q

What are the 3 stages of the hair cycle?

A
  1. Anagen (growth stage, follicle grows deeper into dermis, hair cells make keratin and die)
  2. Catagen (degeneration stage, mitosis in hair matrix stops, base of hair keratinizes)
  3. telogen (resting stage, club hair falls out)
57
Q

What are the 5 types of skin glands? Which are the two subtypes of sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous (sweat)

    1. merocrine/eccrine
    1. apocrine
      1. Sebaceous
      2. Ceruminous
      3. mammary
58
Q

Describe merocrine/eccrine sweat glands and their job

A 
Simple, coiled tubular
Secrete directly to surface via duct
Activate with increased temperature
Job is to sweat and cool off body
(merocrine secretion method)
59
Q

Describe apocrine sweat glands and their job

A 
Simple, coiled tubular
Secrete into hair follicles
Activate at puberty, produce pheromones
Produce body odor
(merocrine secretion method)
60
Q

Describe sebaceous glands and their job

A

Associated with hair follicles
Secrete sebum (oily substance)
(holocrine secretion method)

61
Q

Describe ceruminous glands and their job

A

Produce cerumen (ear wax)
Job is to make eardrum more pliable, help with waterproofing, antibacterial, blocks foreign particles
Modified apocrine sweat glands

62
Q

Describe mammary glands and their job

A

Produce milk
Develop during pregnancy and lactation
(apocrine secretion method)

Anatomy (14 decks)

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