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Anatomy > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A point at which two bones meet

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2
Q

What are the 3 (or 4) classifications based on how joints are connected?

A
  1. Fibrous
  2. Cartilaginous
  3. Synovial
  4. (bony)
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3
Q

What tissues make up joints?

A

HyalineFibrous (loose/dense regular) CT, supportive (cartilage/bone) CT, fluid (blood) CT

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4
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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5
Q

Where is articular cartilage found in joints?

A

Longbones @ synovial joints

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6
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found in joints?

A

Intervertebral disks, pubic symphysis

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7
Q

What are the two types of cartilage found in joints?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

Fibrocartilage

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8
Q

How are joints classified?

A
  1. Based on how they’re connected

2. Based on movement

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9
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints based on movement?

A
  1. Synarthrosis (relatively immovable)
  2. Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable)
  3. Diarthrosis (freely moveable)
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10
Q

What are bony joints?

A

Immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies
Ex: cranial sutures in elderly, L/R mandibular and frontal bones fuse

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11
Q

Match up the classifications of joints based on movement with the classifications based on how they are connected

A

Synarthrosis - fibrous
Amphiarthrosis - cartilaginous
Diarthrosis - synovial

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12
Q

What are fibrous/synarthrosis joints?

A

Adjacent bones bound by collagen fibers

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13
Q

What are the three types of fibrous/synarthrosis joints?

A
  1. Suture (between skull bones)
  2. Syndesmoses (two bones bound by sheets of fibrous CT/ interosseous membranes)
  3. Gomphoses (teeth to jaw bones)
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14
Q

What are the 3 classifications of sutures?

A
  1. Serrate - interlocking, wavy lines (ex: coronal)
  2. Lap (squamous) - overlapping beveled edges (ex: squamous)
  3. Plane (butt) - straight, non-overlapping edges (ex: intermaxillary)
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15
Q

Describe syndesmoses

A

Greater mobility than sutures
Radius/ulna - pronation and supination of forearm (tib/fib has less mobility)
Long collagenous fibers

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16
Q

Describe gomphoses

A

Fibrous periodontal ligaments
Holds tooth to mandible or maxilla
Very minimal mobility

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17
Q

What are cartilaginous/amphiarthrosis joints?

A

Two bones linked by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline)

Slightly moveable

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18
Q

What is synchondrosis and give an example of what joints are joined this way?

A

Cartilaginous joints joined by hyaline cartilage

Ex: 1st rib to the sternum via costal cartilage

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19
Q

What is symphysis and give an example of what joints are joined this way?

A

Cartilaginous joints joined by fibrocartilage

Ex: Pubic symphysis (more flexible before childbirth), intervertebral discs (slight movements, collective effect)

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20
Q

What are synovial/diarthrosis joints? Give an example

A

Most moveable and most familiar

Ex: shoulder, elbow, hip, knee

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21
Q

What type of joints tend to be the most complex and problematic?

A

Synovial/diarthrosis joints

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22
Q

What is the joint cavity?

A

Narrow space separating bone

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23
Q

What does synovial fluid do?

A

Acts as a lubricant
Reduces friction
Gives nourishment and removes waste

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24
Q

What type of cartilage is found in synovial joints?

A

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

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25
Q

What makes up the joint capsule of CT?

A

Fibrous capsule, synovial membrane

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26
Q

What is the fibrous capsule?

A

Encloses cavity, connects to the bone

Continuous with periosteum

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27
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

Inner layer of joints capsule
Secretes synovial fluid
Has macrophages to remove debris

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28
Q

What is an articular disc?

A

A pad between articulating joints

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29
Q

What is the meniscus and what joint is it found in?

A

Moon-shaped cartilage
Knee Joint
Extends inward from both left and right

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30
Q

What structures job is to absorb shock and pressure, guide bones across each other, and stabilize joints (in the knee)?

A

The meniscus

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31
Q

What is a tendon made of and what does it do?

A 
Tough collagenous (dense regular) CT
Connects muscle to bone, gives joints most stability
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32
Q

What does a ligament do?

A

Connects bone to bone

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33
Q

What are bursa? What do they do?

A

Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid

They cushion muscles and help tendons slide, can modify the direction a tendon pulls

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34
Q

Where can you find bursa?

A
  • Between adjacent muscles
  • Between bone and skin
  • Where tendon passes over bone
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35
Q

What is the tendon sheath?

A

Elongated cylindrical bursa (wrapped around tendon)

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36
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of bursa

Due to overuse

37
Q

What is the purpose of warming up before exercising?

A

Exercise warms the synovial fluid, which makes it more easily absorbed by cartilage. When the cartilage swells, you have a better cushion in your joints

38
Q

What is range of motion?

A
  • The degrees through which a joint can move
  • Aspect of joint performance
  • Physical assessment of joint flexibility
39
Q

How do you determine range of motion?

A
  1. Structure of the articular surfaces
  2. Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
  3. Action of the muscles and tendons (muscle tone)
40
Q

What does degrees of freedom refer to in terms of joints?

A

How many ways a joint can move/how many axes of rotation a joint has

41
Q

What are the 3 classifications for joints based on degrees of freedom?

A
  1. Multiaxial (3 degrees of freedom)
  2. Biaxial (2 degrees of freedom)
  3. Monoaxial (1 degree of freedom)
42
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A 
Multiaxial:
1. ball and socket
Biaxial:
2. Condylar
3. Saddle
4. Plane
Monoaxial:
5. Hinge
6. Pivot
43
Q

What are ball and socket joints? What two joints are ball and socket joints?

A

One bone with hemispherical head fits into a cupcake depression on the other
Ex: shoulder and hip (only ones)

44
Q

What are condylar joints? Give an example

A

Oval convex surface on one bone fits in complementary depression on the other
Ex: phalanges –> metacarpals

45
Q

What are saddle joints? Give an example

A

Have a saddle-shaped surface, concave in one direction, convex in the other
Ex: Clavicle/sternum, Trapezium/metacarpal (@thumb)

46
Q

What are gliding joints? Give an example

A

Surfaces are flat or slightly concave and convex
Complex movements
Ex: wrist and ankle bones

47
Q

What are hinge joints? Give an example

A

One bone has a convex surface and fits into the concave depression in the other
Ex: elbox, knee, interphalangeal joints

48
Q

What are pivot joints? Give an example

A

Bone spins on longitudinal axis

Ex: joints between radius/ulna, joint between atlas/axis

49
Q

What is an example of a joint that is hard to classify because it shows aspects of several joint types?

A 
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
- elements of condylar, hinge, and plane joints
50
Q

What bones articulate at the TMJ?

A

Mandibular condyle articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

51
Q

What is unique about the synovial cavity of the TMJ?

A

It is divided into superior and inferior chambers

Has an articular disc that allows for lateral/medial excursion

52
Q

What ligaments support the TMJ

A
  1. Lateral ligament (prevents posterior displacement of mandible)
  2. Sphenomandibular ligament (medial side)
53
Q

What is TMJ Syndrome?

A 
Generalized name for jaw problems
Causes:
1. psychological tension
2. misalignment of teeth
3. arthritis
4. injury
54
Q

What bones articulate int he glenohumeral joint?

A

The head of the humorous articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

55
Q

What is the glenoid labrum and where is it found?

A

Fibrocartilage ring that deepens the glenoid cavity

56
Q

How is the glenohumeral joint stabilized?

A

The biceps brachii tendon and rotator cuff tendons

Biceps brachii tendon –> inter tubercular sulcus –> superior margin of glenoid cavity

57
Q

What ligaments are found int he glenohumeral joint (5)?

A

1-3. glenohumeral ligaments

  1. coracohumeral ligament (coracoid process –> greater tubercle)
  2. Transverse humeral ligament (tubercle –> tubercle, stabilizes biceps brachii tendon)
58
Q

What are the four bursa found in the glenohumeral joint?

A
  1. subdeltoid
  2. subacromial
  3. subcoracoid
  4. subscapular
59
Q

What makes up the rotator cuff (SITS)?

A

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

60
Q

What is the most common shoulder dislocation? Why?

A

Downward displacement of the humorous
Why?
The rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions but inferiorly

61
Q

What type of joint is the elbow and what are the two specific joints and their articulations?

A

Hinge joint

  1. Humeroulnar joint (trochlea of the humorus joins trochlear notch of the ulna)
  2. Humeroradial joint (capitulum of humerus meets head of radius)
62
Q

Where are the olecranon bursa found?

A

Posterior side of elbow

63
Q

What ligaments restrict side-to-side movement in the elbow?

A

Radial (lateral) collateral ligament

Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament

64
Q

Where is the proximal radioulnar joint found and what type of joint is it?

A

Found in the elbow region
Pivot joint
Head of the radius articulates with radial notch of the ulna
Held in place by annular ligament

65
Q

What is the purpose of the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

Pronation and supination

66
Q

What type of joint int he tibiofemoral joint?

A

Diarthrosis - hinge

67
Q

In the tibiofemoral joint, what does the joint capsule enclose?

A

Lateral and posterior parts

68
Q

What covers the anterior of the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Patellar ligament

69
Q

What helps to stabilize the knee?

A
  1. quadriceps tendon (front)
  2. tendon of semimembranosus muscle (rear of thigh)
  3. lateral and medial menisci (c-shaped cartilages within joint capsule, absorb shock, prevent side-to-side rocking)
70
Q

What are the extra capsular ligaments in the knee joint?

A

Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament (LCL)

Tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL)

71
Q

What shape to the intracapsular ligaments make? What are the intracapsular ligaments of the knee?

A

Cross to form an X
1. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) - prevents hyperextension of the knee
2. Posterior crucial ligament (PCL) - prevents femur from sliding off tibia (anteriorly)
(both are named for their attachment portion on the tibia)

72
Q

How many bursa are in the knee?

A

At least 13

73
Q

What is the importance of the knee joint?

A

Ability to lock and unlock knees

Important in bipedalism

74
Q

How does your knee lock when fully extended? How does it unlock?

A

Lock: help of ACL, femur rotates medially on tibia, major knee ligaments taut
Unlock: Popliteus contracts and rotates femur laterally, which untwists ligaments

75
Q

Where are the most common injuries in the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Menisci

ACL

76
Q

What is arthroscopy?

A

Interior of joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision

77
Q

What is the difference in autograft and allograft?

A 
Autograft = your own material
Allograft = donated material
78
Q

How do you prevent injuries to the knee?

A

Stabilization…
Anteriorly: quadriceps tendon
Posteriorly: semimembranosus tendon

79
Q

What is arthritis? What are the two main types?

A

Inflammation of the joint

  1. Osteoarthritis arthritis (most common)
  2. Rheumatoid arthritis
80
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

Deterioration of the articular cartilage

Bone spurs develop and grow into joint cavity

81
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens
Autoimmune disease - body attacks tissues
Articular cartilage deteriorates = ossification
More common in women (30-40 y/o)

82
Q

What are some treatments for arthritis?

A

Pain management
Physical therapy
Exercise
Joint replacement

83
Q

Synovial joints: The opposing surfaces of bones that are connected via synovial joints are covered with a thin layer of _______

A

Articular cartilage

84
Q

Synovial joints: Between the articular surfaces, a thin cavity is filled with ________, which acts to lubricate the joint surface and nourish the tissues of the internal joint surface

A

synovial fluid

85
Q

Synovial joints: The ____ maintains the boundary of the joint and contains the synovial fluid

A

Joint capsule

86
Q

Synovial joints: The outermost layer of the joint capsule is the ______- capsule, which is continuous with the periosteum, and provides support to the joint

A

Fibrosous

87
Q

Synovial joints: The deeper portion of the capsule is the ______, which contains cells that synthesize the synovial fluid

A

Synovial membrane

88
Q

Synovial joints: An example of fibrocartilage that provides additional padding and stability to the joint is the ________ of the knee

A

Meniscous

Anatomy (14 decks)

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