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Anatomy > Chapter 11 - Muscular System pt 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Muscular System pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical position is also known as ____?

A

Zero position

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2
Q

What type of movement decreases joint angle?

A

Flexion

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3
Q

What type of movement straightens joint angle?

A

Extension

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4
Q

What type of movement straightens joint angle beyond zero position?

A

Hyperextension

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5
Q

Flexion and extension usually occur in which plane?

A

Sagittal

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6
Q

What type of movement moves away from midline?

A

Abduction

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7
Q

What type of movement moves toward the midline?

A

Adduction

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8
Q

Abduction and Adduction usually occur in which plane?

A

Frontal

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9
Q

What type of movement raises a body part?

A

Elevation

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10
Q

What type of movement lowers a body part?

A

Depression

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11
Q

Elevation and depression usually occur in which plane?

A

Frontal

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12
Q

What type of movement creates an anterior movement? (ex: shoulders moving forward)

A

Protraction

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13
Q

What type of movement creates a posterior movement? (ex: shoulders moving backward and pushing chest out)

A

Retraction

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14
Q

Protraction and retraction usually occur in which plane?

A

Transverse

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15
Q

What type of movement occurs when the distal end of a limb makes a circle while the proximal end is stationary?

A

Circumduction

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16
Q

What type of movement happens when a bone spins on its long (lateral) axis?

A

Rotation

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17
Q

What is the difference in external and medial rotation?

A

External rotation the anterior surface spins away from the midline, in medial rotation the anterior surface spins towards the midline

18
Q

What type of movement moves the palm to face anteriorly?

A

Supination (radius and ulna become parallel)

19
Q

What type of movement moves the palm to face posteriorly?

A

Pronation (radius crosses ulna)

20
Q

What are the four special movements of the mandible?

A
  1. Protraction (moving jaw forward)
  2. Retraction (moving jaw backward)
  3. Lateral excursion (moving jaw to side while chewing)
  4. Medial excursion (moving jaw back towards center)
21
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by size

A 
Maximum
Medius
Minimus
Longus
Brevis
Vastus
22
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by shape

A

Deltoid (delta/triangle)
Trapezius
Latissimus (wide)
Teres (round)

23
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by orientation of fibers

A

Rectus
Orbicularis
Transverse
Oblique

24
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by location (specific body regions)

A

Frontalis
Femoris
Brachii

25
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by attachment

A

Attachment sites on bones

Formerly referred to as origin and insertion

26
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by number of attachments

A

Biceps
Triceps
Quadriceps

27
Q

Give examples of how muscles are named by action

A

Flexor
Extensor
Adductor
Levator

28
Q

What is action in terms of muscles?

A

Movement produced by a muscle

29
Q

What are the 4 actions of muscle groups?

A
  1. Prime Mover (agonist)
  2. Synergist
  3. Antagonist
  4. Fixator
30
Q

What does the Prime Mover (agonist) do? Example?

A

Produces most of the force

Ex: brachialis when flexing the elbow

31
Q

What does the Synergist do? Example?

A

Muscle that aids the prime mover
May stabilize joint and restrict unwanted movement
Ex: Biceps brachii working with the brachialis when flexing elbow

32
Q

What does the Antagonist do? Example?

A

Muscle that opposes the prime mover
Exerts braking action and makes action smoother
Ex: Triceps brachii antagonistic to brachialis

33
Q

What does the Fixator do? Example?

A

Muscle that restricts bone from moving

Allows another muscle attached to pull on something else

34
Q

Muscle fibers are organized into _____

A

Fascicles

35
Q

What are the four patterns of fascicle arrangements?

A
  1. Circular
  2. Parallel
  3. Convergent
  4. Pennate
36
Q

Describe circular fascicles

A
  • Concentrically arranged around an opening

- Acts as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening (ex: orbits, mouth, anus)

37
Q

Describe parallel fascicles

A
  • Parallel to the long axis of the muscle
  • Body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction
  • Not very strong, lots of endurance
38
Q

Describe convergent fascicles

A
  • Triangular muscle with common attachment site
  • Direction of pull of muscle can be changed
  • Does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle
39
Q

Describe pennate fascicles and their 3 subtypes

A
  • Fascicles arranged obliquely to one or more tendons
  • Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size
  • Unipennate: muscle fibers on one side of tendon
  • Bipennate: muscle fibers on both sides of tendon
  • Multipennate: tendon branches within muscle
40
Q

What are the two (typically) strongest types of muscle fascicles?

A

Bipennate and Multipennate

41
Q

What are intrinsic muscles?

A

Both attachments (origin and insertion) contained within a particular region

42
Q

What are extrinsic muscles?

A

Acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere

Anatomy (14 decks)

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