Chapter 8 - Appendicular Skelly Flashcards
How many bones are in the typical adult skeleton? How many at birth?
206 - adult
270 - birth
What is a canal?
Tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
What is a condyle?
A rounded knob
What is a crest?
A narrow ridge
What is an epicondyle?
A flare superior to a condyle
What is a facet?
A smooth joint surface that is flat or only slightly concave or convex
What is a fissure?
A slit through a bone
What is a foramen?
A hole through a bone
What is a fossa?
A shallow, broad, or elongated basin
What is a process?
Any bony prominence
What is a sinus?
A cavity within a bone
What is a spine?
A sharp, slender, or narrow process
What is a tubercle?
A small, rounded process
What is a tuberosity?
A rough surface
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Clavicle and scapula
What bones does the clavicle articulate with and at what joints?
Medially - sternum (sternoclavicular joint)
Laterally - scapula (acromioclavicular joint)
What is the joint called where the scapular and humorous articulate?
Glenohumeral joint
What is the job of the clavicle and what are some of its features?
Job: braces shoulders, holds arms away from midline
Features:
Medial sternal end - hammer like, articulates with manubrium
Lateral acromial end - flattened, articulates with acromion of scapula
Conoid tubercle - place for ligament attachment
Where is the scapula and what are some of it’s features?
Triangular plate overlying ribs 2-7
Features:
Suprascapular notch (suprascapular nerve)
Subscapular fossa
Supraspinous fossa
Infraspinous fossa
Acromion (articulates with clavicle)
Coracoid process (attachment for biceps and clavicle)
Glenoid cavity (shallow socket for head of humorous)
What are the four regions of the upper limb?
Brachium (shoulder to elbow)
Antebracium (elbow to wrist)
Carpal (wrist)
Manus/Hand (palm and fingers)
Describe the humorous and its features
Only bone from shoulder to elbow Hemisperical head Greater and lesser tubricles (attach rotator cuff) Intertubercular groove Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum (articulates with radius) Trochlea (articles with ulna) Lateral and medial epicondyles Olecranon fossa Coronoid fossa Radial fossa
What is the interosseous membrane and where is it found?
Flat ligament connecting radius and ulna
Another one can be found connecting the tibia and fibula
Describe the features of the radius
Head (rotates on capitulum)
Radial tuberosity
Distal end (flared, articulates with 3 carpal bones)
- styloid process
Describe the features of the ulna
Medial bone
Proximal end has a C-shaped trochlear notch
- coronoid process
Radial notch
What is the saying to remember the carpal bones? Does it start top or bottom row? Distally or medially?
Sally Left The Party To Take Charlie Home
Proximal (bottom) row, thumb to pinky
What are the carpal bones? (starting proximally at the thumb)
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
What is the hamulus?
The hook of the hamate, sticks out from hamate bone
What finger is the first phalange (and metacarpal)
Thumb
What is the common name for the pollex?
Thumb
What are the three divisions of the metacarpals?
Base, body, and head (knuckles)
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
Two coxal (hip) bones and one sacrum (plus coccyx)
What is the pelvis?
The pelvic girdle plus the ligaments and muscles that line the pelvic cavity and form it’s floor
What does the sacroiliac joint do?
Joins hip bone to vertebral column (articular surface of ileum to auricular surface of sacrum)
What is the pubic symphysis?
The interpubic disc that joins the pubic bones anteriorly (made of fibrocartilage)
What is the greater (false) pelvis?
The superior region between the flare of the hips
Contains and supports lower intestines
What is the pelvic inlet?
Opening to lesser (true) pelvis
Pelvic brim is the edge of the pelvic inlet
What is the lesser (true) pelvis?
Narrower inferior space
Contains rectum, urinary bladder, and uterus
What is the pelvic outlet?
Lower opening of lesser pelvis
What are some differences in the male and female pelvis?
Male: Less "bowl" shaped Narrower pubic arch Heavier and thicker Narrower greater sciatic notch
Female:
Pregnancy and childbirth
Wider, shallower
Larger, rounder pelvic inlet and outlet
What are the three childhood bones that fuse into the coxal (hip) bone?
- Ilium
- Ischium
- Pubis
What are three major features fo the coxal bone in general?
- Ilia crest (superior crest of hip)
- Acetabulum (hip socket)
- Obturator foramen (large hold below acetabulum
Describe the features of the ilium
Ala: wide, fan-shaped portion
Iliac fossa: large depression on medial surface
Iliac crest
Anterior and posterior, superior and inferior iliac spines
Greater sciatic notch
Auricular surface: articulates with sacrum
Describe the ischium and its features
Inferoposterior part of hip bone, C-shaped, posterior wall of acetabulum
Features:
Ischial body
Ischila ramus
Ischial tuberosity: lowermost part, hamstring attachment, sacrotuberous ligament holds pelvis together
Ischial spine: sacrospinous ligament holds the sacrum to the ischium
Lesser sciatic notch
Describe the pubis and its features
Most anterior part of hip bone/acetabulum (bladder)
Features:
Inferior pubic ramus (+ ischial ramus = ischiopubic ramus)
Superior pubic ramus
Pubic symphysis: pubic bones joined by interpubic disc
What are the 3 regions of the lower limb?
Femoral region (hip to knee, including patella) Crural region (knee to ankle, tib/fib) Foot region (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
The antebrachium contains what bones?
Radius and ulna
The sella tunica contains what gland?
Pituitary gland
The nasal septum is composed of what two bones?
Vomer and ethmoid
What can easily be palpated between he clavicles?
Jugular notch
Describe the femur and its features
Longest and strongest bone
Head –> acetabulum
Features:
Fovea capitis: ligament attachment
Greater and lesser trochanters: muscle insertion
Linear aspera: ridge on posterior surface, attachment site for adductors
Medial and lateral epicondyles: muscle and ligament attachment
Medial and lateral condyles: articulation with tibia
Patellar surface: depression for patella, anterior
Describe the patella and its features
Sesamoid bone (cartilaginous at birth until age 3-6)
Features:
Base: broad superior portion
Apex: pointed inferior portion
Articular facets: posterior surface, medial (smaller) and lateral (bigger)
Describe the tibia and its features
Thicker than fibula, weight bearing
Features:
Medial and lateral condyles: articulate with femur
Tibial tuberosity: anterior surface, patellar ligament attachment
Medial malleolus: medial knob of tibia
Describe the fibula and its features
Slender lateral strut
Job is to stabilize ankle
Features:
Lateral malleolus: knob and distal end of bone
Interosseous membrane: connects it to tibia
What bone is considered the heel bone?
Calcaneus
What bone is considered the anklebone?
Talus
What bones are in the proximal group of tarsal bones?
Calcaneus, talus, navicular
What bone are in the distal group of the tarsal bones (medial to lateral)
Medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiforms, cuboid
What toe is the first toe when counting metatarsals and phalanges?
Big toe
What is the common name for the hallux?
Great toe / big toe
Which toe only has proximal and distal phalanx?
Big toe
What is the job of arches in the feet?
Absorb shock and stress
What are the three arches of the foot?
- Medial longitudinal arch: heel to hallux
- Lateral longitudinal arch: heel to little toe
- Anterior transverse arch: side to side
What holds arches together?
Short ligament
Can be weakened or stretched causing fallen archesΩ
