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Body Log > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete HORMONES directly into the blood, all epithelial cells in the gland secrete hormones, ductless

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete enzymes or lubricants through ducts, only cells at the apex of the duct secrete the products

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3
Q

Merocrine secretion process

A

Vesicle migrates to cell surface. in presence of Ca2+ ions, membrane vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and cargo is released

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4
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Liquid droplets are ingested by the cell

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5
Q

Importance of glycolsylation

A

Aids protein folding, prevents protein digestion by intracellular proteases, cell recognition

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6
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands

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7
Q

How are endocrine glands derived from epithelial tissue?

A

During development in the embryo, epithelial tissues fold inwards or pinch off, endocrine glands lose their ducts, epithelial cells become more specialised for hormone production and arrange around capillaries

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8
Q

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus position

A

Pituitary gland is like a little leaf sticking out, directly above it s hypothalamus

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9
Q

Thyroid gland function: calcium regulation

A

Calcium regulation by C-cells by secreting calcitonin, which is released when calcium levels are high and inhibited when low

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10
Q

Thyroid gland role: metabolism

A

T3 play role in increasing BMR, promotes thermogenesis by increasing uncoupling proteins in mitochondria

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11
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

On the back of thyroid gland, chief cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium metabolism, when levels of calcium drop it is released

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12
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Composed of chromaffin cells which are modified neurons, they secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

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13
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Surrounds adrenal medulla, includes 3 layers: zonal glomerulosa, zonal fasciculata, zonal reticularis

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14
Q

Zona glomerulosa: outer

A

Aldosterone regulates BP

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15
Q

Zona fasciculata: middle

A

Glucocorticoids mobilises fats, proteins and carbs

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16
Q

Zona reticularis: inner

A

Androgen precursors

17
Q

How do you know if an area is filled with mucous?

A

It will not be stained due to sugars present

18
Q

Purpose of salivary glands

A

Taste, digestion, lubrication

19
Q

Parotid glands

A

Back of the cheek near the ear, Serous secretions

20
Q

Cells of striated ducts of parotid glands

A

Has basal infoldings which push up the nucleus and help with ion transport

21
Q

Function of striated duct

A

Prevents water loss

22
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Produces majority of saliva, mixed with mucous and serous acini but mostly serous

23
Q

Portal triad

A

At each corner of hexagonal liver lobule: bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery

24
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from gut and spleen through inferior vena cava to the heart

25
Q

Central vein

A

At the centre of liver lobule and drains into hepatic vein which empties into inferior vena cava

26
Q

How to differentiate between three parts of portal triad?

A

Portal vein is the largest and the other two are relatively similar size but bile duct has simple cuboidal cells which stain darker purple

27
Q

Continuous capillary vessel

A

Tight to prevent leakage, found in the brain and most of body

28
Q

Fenestrated capillary vessel

A

Fenestrations or small holes to allow some materials to move out, found in kidneys, small intestine

29
Q

Sinosoids

A

Large intercellular gaps which allows cells to move in and out, found in liver and drains into the central vein

30
Q

Canaliculi

A

Bile drains into canaliculi from hepatocytes

31
Q

Pit cells

A

Natural killer cells in the liver which recognise tumour cells

32
Q

Stellate/ito cell

A

Full of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing vitamin A

33
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Specialist macrophages that form part of the sinusoidal lining, trap and phagocytose any damaged or aged erythrocytes missed by the spleen

34
Q

Hepatocytes

A

80% of cells in livers, numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes, lots of RER and SER, lots of Golgi complexes

35
Q

Low to mild liver damage

A

<50%, viral infections or occasional use of alcohol, can take 7-8 days to regenerate

36
Q

Mild to medium liver damage

A

Up to 70%, liver transplant or drug toxicity (paracetamol) or heavy alcohol use, can take 30-40 days

37
Q

Medium to severe liver damage

A

> 70%, chronic liver failure, cirrhosis/ chronic alcohol misuse/suicide attempts, never regenerates fully

38
Q

Stellate cells and liver cirrhosis

A

Stellate cells lose their vitamin A storage capability and differentiate into myofibroblasts, these synthesise and deposit collagen within the perisinusoidal space

Body Log (9 decks)

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