Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Body Log > Glands > Flashcards

Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Secrete HORMONES directly into the blood, all epithelial cells in the gland secrete hormones, ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete enzymes or lubricants through ducts, only cells at the apex of the duct secrete the products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Merocrine secretion process

A

Vesicle migrates to cell surface. in presence of Ca2+ ions, membrane vesicles fuse with plasma membrane and cargo is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Liquid droplets are ingested by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Importance of glycolsylation

A

Aids protein folding, prevents protein digestion by intracellular proteases, cell recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormone

A

Chemical messenger produced by endocrine glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are endocrine glands derived from epithelial tissue?

A

During development in the embryo, epithelial tissues fold inwards or pinch off, endocrine glands lose their ducts, epithelial cells become more specialised for hormone production and arrange around capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus position

A

Pituitary gland is like a little leaf sticking out, directly above it s hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thyroid gland function: calcium regulation

A

Calcium regulation by C-cells by secreting calcitonin, which is released when calcium levels are high and inhibited when low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Thyroid gland role: metabolism

A

T3 play role in increasing BMR, promotes thermogenesis by increasing uncoupling proteins in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

On the back of thyroid gland, chief cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH) which regulates calcium metabolism, when levels of calcium drop it is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Composed of chromaffin cells which are modified neurons, they secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Surrounds adrenal medulla, includes 3 layers: zonal glomerulosa, zonal fasciculata, zonal reticularis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Zona glomerulosa: outer

A

Aldosterone regulates BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Zona fasciculata: middle

A

Glucocorticoids mobilises fats, proteins and carbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Zona reticularis: inner

A

Androgen precursors

17
Q

How do you know if an area is filled with mucous?

A

It will not be stained due to sugars present

18
Q

Purpose of salivary glands

A

Taste, digestion, lubrication

19
Q

Parotid glands

A

Back of the cheek near the ear, Serous secretions

20
Q

Cells of striated ducts of parotid glands

A

Has basal infoldings which push up the nucleus and help with ion transport

21
Q

Function of striated duct

A

Prevents water loss

22
Q

Submandibular gland

A

Produces majority of saliva, mixed with mucous and serous acini but mostly serous

23
Q

Portal triad

A

At each corner of hexagonal liver lobule: bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery

24
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Takes deoxygenated blood from gut and spleen through inferior vena cava to the heart

25
Q

Central vein

A

At the centre of liver lobule and drains into hepatic vein which empties into inferior vena cava

26
Q

How to differentiate between three parts of portal triad?

A

Portal vein is the largest and the other two are relatively similar size but bile duct has simple cuboidal cells which stain darker purple

27
Q

Continuous capillary vessel

A

Tight to prevent leakage, found in the brain and most of body

28
Q

Fenestrated capillary vessel

A

Fenestrations or small holes to allow some materials to move out, found in kidneys, small intestine

29
Q

Sinosoids

A

Large intercellular gaps which allows cells to move in and out, found in liver and drains into the central vein

30
Q

Canaliculi

A

Bile drains into canaliculi from hepatocytes

31
Q

Pit cells

A

Natural killer cells in the liver which recognise tumour cells

32
Q

Stellate/ito cell

A

Full of cytoplasmic vacuoles containing vitamin A

33
Q

Kupffer cells

A

Specialist macrophages that form part of the sinusoidal lining, trap and phagocytose any damaged or aged erythrocytes missed by the spleen

34
Q

Hepatocytes

A

80% of cells in livers, numerous mitochondria and free ribosomes, lots of RER and SER, lots of Golgi complexes

35
Q

Low to mild liver damage

A

<50%, viral infections or occasional use of alcohol, can take 7-8 days to regenerate

36
Q

Mild to medium liver damage

A

Up to 70%, liver transplant or drug toxicity (paracetamol) or heavy alcohol use, can take 30-40 days

37
Q

Medium to severe liver damage

A

> 70%, chronic liver failure, cirrhosis/ chronic alcohol misuse/suicide attempts, never regenerates fully

38
Q

Stellate cells and liver cirrhosis

A

Stellate cells lose their vitamin A storage capability and differentiate into myofibroblasts, these synthesise and deposit collagen within the perisinusoidal space

Body Log (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions