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Geography > Glaciated Landscapes > Flashcards

Glaciated Landscapes Flashcards

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1
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode the landscape as they move down a valley

A

U-shaped valleys

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2
Q

True or False: Glaciers only erode the landscape through abrasion.

A

False

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3
Q

What process occurs when glaciers carry and deposit material?

A

Glacial deposition

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ refers to the movement of glaciers.

A

flow

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5
Q

What is the term for the material that glaciers carry and deposit?

A

Moraine

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6
Q

What type of glacier forms in mountainous regions and flows down valleys?

A

Valley glacier

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7
Q

What landform is created when two glaciers erode parallel valleys?

A

Arete

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8
Q

True or False: Glacial erosion only occurs at the base of the glacier.

A

False

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9
Q

What are large blocks of ice that break off glaciers called?

A

Icebergs

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10
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode backwards into a mountain?

A

Cirque

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11
Q

What is the term for the process of glaciers melting and shrinking in size?

A

Ablation

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ occurs when glaciers move material along the base.

A

plucking

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13
Q

What type of glacier forms in flat areas and spreads out in all directions?

A

Ice sheet

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14
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode a mountain from all sides?

A

Pyramidal peak

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15
Q

True or False: Glaciers are only found in cold polar regions.

A

False

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16
Q

What is the term for the debris left behind by glaciers?

A

Till

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17
Q

What landform is created when glaciers deposit material at their terminus?

A

Moraine

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ occurs when glaciers melt and deposit material.

A

meltwater

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19
Q

What type of glacier forms at high altitudes and flows down a mountain?

A

Cirque glacier

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20
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode a deep, steep-sided valley?

A

U-shaped valley

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21
Q

True or False: Glacial deposition only occurs at the terminus of glaciers.

A

False

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22
Q

What is the term for the process of glaciers advancing and growing in size?

A

Accumulation

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ refers to the process of glaciers pushing material ahead of them.

A

push moraine

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24
Q

What type of glacier forms on a flat plain and spreads out in all directions?

A

Ice cap

25
Q

Esker

A

-Formed from material in subglacial tunnels when meltwater decreases

-The subglacial tunnels can carry heavy rocks due to high hydrostatic pressure

-when the glacier retreats it deposits at a consistent rate and forms a ridge

26
Q

How do Kame terrace s form and what are they

A

-During summer months the valley sides radiate heat to the ice, which melts the edges of glacier forming meltwater streams which deposit sediment leaving stratified ridges

27
Q

How do Kames form

A

As meltwater streams emerge into the outwash plain or proglacial lakes at glacier snout, the velocity of water suddenly falls and sediment is deposited

28
Q

Name the 3 fluvio-glacial ice contact landforms

A

Kames
Kame terraces
Eskers

29
Q

Name 3 proglacial landforms

A

Kettle holes
Braided streams
Outwash plain

30
Q

Temperate glaciers

A
  • melt in summer months slightly
    -meltwater makes glacier melt due to basal flow
  • erodes at a greater rate
31
Q

Polar glaciers

A

-do not melt at all as temp is always 0°
-no meltwater means they move by internal deformation
-erode slow

32
Q

Glacial zones

A

Upper zone- less pressure,no meltwater it moves by internal flow/deformation it moves faster as there is less friction

Lower zone- more pressure, has meltwater and moves by basal flow
Slower when there is less meltwater as there is more friction

33
Q

Delta Kame

A

Form in proglacial lakes
subglacial channel is formed from the glaciers pressure
it entrains the material and transports it downstream
As the sub glacial channel meets the pro glacial lake it loses its energy and therefore deposits the sediment

34
Q

Describe the Pleistocene

A

Can be considered a single paired in time, however, it has multiple periods of glacial and interglacial periods
These glacial periods have left evidence in the landscaped in terms of erosional and depositional features

35
Q

What is the Milanovich theory?

A

This is the eccentricity of the orbit
Changes from elliptical to a more circular orbit and back
Takes around 100,000 years

36
Q

What is axel tilt?

A

This is a tilt of the Earth. It varies from 21.8° to 24.4°.
This happens over a 41 year timescale
This impact intensity of light at the polls and therefore the seasonality of earth

37
Q

What is procession?

A

This is the wobble of the Earth the Earth wobbles on its access changing the point in time the Earth is nearest the Sun over a 21,000 year timescale

38
Q

How did the three cycles work together?

A

These recycles come together and minimise the amount of solar energy that reaches the northern hemisphere during the summer. This leads to cooler summers overall.

39
Q

How did the three cycles work together?

A

These recycles come together and minimise the amount of solar energy that reaches the northern hemisphere during the summer. This leads to cooler summers overall.

40
Q

What are feedback mechanisms?

A

Climatic feedback can either amplify a small change this is positive feedback
or diminish the change and make it smaller negative feedback

41
Q

Describe a positive feedback ( increased global warming)

A

1-small increases to snow and ice cover can raise surface albedo
2-more solar radiation is reflected back into space
3-could lead to more snow and ice cover

42
Q

Describe a negative feedback cycle

A

1-increase melting of ice and snow lowers surface albedo
2-less solar radiation is reflected back into space
3-increase melting of snow and ice releasing more CO2 and methane

43
Q

Describe one short-term natural factor that causes climate change

A

When volcanoes erupt, they release CO2 and other greenhouse gas
These temporarily make it harder for long wave radiation to leave the atmosphere
Increasing heat

44
Q

What is the equilibrium line?

A

The amount of accumulation is equal to the amount of ablation

45
Q

What is the fundamental cause of ice movement

A

Gravity

46
Q

What is basil sliding?

A

Occurs when there is milk water beneath the glacier acting as a lubricant so the glacier can move

47
Q

What is regulation?

A

regulation creep occurs when a glacier moves over an object greater than 1 m wide. This increased localised pressure decreases the pressure melting point and causes melt water to form which acts as a lubricant.

48
Q

What is internal defamation?

A

Intergranular movement where ice crystals become deformed or fractured due to the pressure within the ice
Polar glaciers only moved by internal defamation

49
Q

What do Alpine Glaciers move by?

A

Internal defamation and basal sliding

50
Q

What are crevasses caused by?

A

Ice under stress of movement deforms this defamation is called ice creep and is due to changes in the slope angle or thickness creating cravass like features at the surface

51
Q

Where are Bergschrund crevasses found?

A

At the start of a glacier

52
Q

Where are longitudinal or splay crevasses found?

A

They form in the direction of ice flow where the ice spreads out sideways to cover large surface areas

53
Q

Where are marginal or radial crevasses found?

A

Form near the sides of glacier they are caused by friction between the valley and the glacier where glacier turns a corner

54
Q

Where are transverse crevasses found?

A

Form across a glacier where speed is increasing which causes stretching in direction of ice flow they are common in a accumulation zone and their steepening slopes

55
Q

Explain extensional and compressional flow

A

Over steep slopes basal sliding increases and accelerates and thins (extensional flow)
over shallow slopes basil slip slows and I thickens (compressional flow)

56
Q

What several factors impact the rate of movement

A

Altitude
gravity/gradient slope,
friction
size
geology
mass balance
ice temperature

57
Q

Define basal sliding

A

Occurs when there is meltwater beneath the glacier acting as a lubricant so the glacier can move

58
Q

What is enhanced basal creep

A

This occurs when there is an obstacle in the path of the glacier, and is less then 1m in width.
This causes increased pressure making the ice enclose around the object as the glacier passes over

59
Q

What is extensional and compressional flow

A

Extensional- Over steep slopes basal sliding increases and ice accelerates and thins

Compressional flow - over shallow slopes basal slip slows and ice thickens

Geography (4 decks)

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