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Glaciated Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode the landscape as they move down a valley

A

U-shaped valleys

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2
Q

True or False: Glaciers only erode the landscape through abrasion.

A

False

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3
Q

What process occurs when glaciers carry and deposit material?

A

Glacial deposition

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ refers to the movement of glaciers.

A

flow

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5
Q

What is the term for the material that glaciers carry and deposit?

A

Moraine

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6
Q

What type of glacier forms in mountainous regions and flows down valleys?

A

Valley glacier

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7
Q

What landform is created when two glaciers erode parallel valleys?

A

Arete

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8
Q

True or False: Glacial erosion only occurs at the base of the glacier.

A

False

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9
Q

What are large blocks of ice that break off glaciers called?

A

Icebergs

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10
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode backwards into a mountain?

A

Cirque

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11
Q

What is the term for the process of glaciers melting and shrinking in size?

A

Ablation

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ occurs when glaciers move material along the base.

A

plucking

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13
Q

What type of glacier forms in flat areas and spreads out in all directions?

A

Ice sheet

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14
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode a mountain from all sides?

A

Pyramidal peak

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15
Q

True or False: Glaciers are only found in cold polar regions.

A

False

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16
Q

What is the term for the debris left behind by glaciers?

A

Till

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17
Q

What landform is created when glaciers deposit material at their terminus?

A

Moraine

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ occurs when glaciers melt and deposit material.

A

meltwater

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19
Q

What type of glacier forms at high altitudes and flows down a mountain?

A

Cirque glacier

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20
Q

What landform is created when glaciers erode a deep, steep-sided valley?

A

U-shaped valley

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21
Q

True or False: Glacial deposition only occurs at the terminus of glaciers.

A

False

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22
Q

What is the term for the process of glaciers advancing and growing in size?

A

Accumulation

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Glacial ___________ refers to the process of glaciers pushing material ahead of them.

A

push moraine

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24
Q

What type of glacier forms on a flat plain and spreads out in all directions?

A

Ice cap

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25
Esker
-Formed from material in subglacial tunnels when meltwater decreases -The subglacial tunnels can carry heavy rocks due to high hydrostatic pressure -when the glacier retreats it deposits at a consistent rate and forms a ridge
26
How do Kame terrace s form and what are they
-During summer months the valley sides radiate heat to the ice, which melts the edges of glacier forming meltwater streams which deposit sediment leaving stratified ridges
27
How do Kames form
As meltwater streams emerge into the outwash plain or proglacial lakes at glacier snout, the velocity of water suddenly falls and sediment is deposited
28
Name the 3 fluvio-glacial ice contact landforms
Kames Kame terraces Eskers
29
Name 3 proglacial landforms
Kettle holes Braided streams Outwash plain
30
Temperate glaciers
- melt in summer months slightly -meltwater makes glacier melt due to basal flow - erodes at a greater rate
31
Polar glaciers
-do not melt at all as temp is always 0° -no meltwater means they move by internal deformation -erode slow
32
Glacial zones
Upper zone- less pressure,no meltwater it moves by internal flow/deformation it moves faster as there is less friction Lower zone- more pressure, has meltwater and moves by basal flow Slower when there is less meltwater as there is more friction
33
Delta Kame
Form in proglacial lakes subglacial channel is formed from the glaciers pressure it entrains the material and transports it downstream As the sub glacial channel meets the pro glacial lake it loses its energy and therefore deposits the sediment
34
Describe the Pleistocene
Can be considered a single paired in time, however, it has multiple periods of glacial and interglacial periods These glacial periods have left evidence in the landscaped in terms of erosional and depositional features
35
What is the Milanovich theory?
This is the eccentricity of the orbit Changes from elliptical to a more circular orbit and back Takes around 100,000 years
36
What is axel tilt?
This is a tilt of the Earth. It varies from 21.8° to 24.4°. This happens over a 41 year timescale This impact intensity of light at the polls and therefore the seasonality of earth
37
What is prescion
This is the wobble of the Earth the Earth wobbles on its access changing the point in time the Earth is nearest the Sun over a 21,000 year timescale
38
How did the three cycles work together?
These recycles come together and minimise the amount of solar energy that reaches the northern hemisphere during the summer. This leads to cooler summers overall.
39
How did the three cycles work together?
These recycles come together and minimise the amount of solar energy that reaches the northern hemisphere during the summer. This leads to cooler summers overall.
40
What are feedback mechanisms?
Climatic feedback can either amplify a small change this is positive feedback or diminish the change and make it smaller negative feedback
41
Describe a positive feedback ( increased global warming)
1-small increases to snow and ice cover can raise surface albedo 2-more solar radiation is reflected back into space 3-could lead to more snow and ice cover
42
Describe a negative feedback cycle
1-increase melting of ice and snow lowers surface albedo 2-less solar radiation is reflected back into space 3-increase melting of snow and ice releasing more CO2 and methane
43
Describe one short-term natural factor that causes climate change
When volcanoes erupt, they release CO2 and other greenhouse gas These temporarily make it harder for long wave radiation to leave the atmosphere Increasing heat
44
What is the equilibrium line?
The amount of accumulation is equal to the amount of ablation
45
What is the fundamental cause of ice movement
Gravity
46
What is basil sliding?
Occurs when there is milk water beneath the glacier acting as a lubricant so the glacier can move
47
What is regulation creep
regulation creep occurs when a glacier moves over an object greater than 1 m wide. This increased localised pressure decreases the pressure melting point and causes melt water to form which acts as a lubricant.
48
What is internal defamation?
Intergranular movement where ice crystals become deformed or fractured due to the pressure within the ice Polar glaciers only moved by internal defamation
49
What do Alpine Glaciers move by?
Internal defamation and basal sliding
50
What are crevasses caused by?
Ice under stress of movement deforms this defamation is called ice creep and is due to changes in the slope angle or thickness creating cravass like features at the surface
51
Where are Bergschrund crevasses found?
At the start of a glacier
52
Where are longitudinal or splay crevasses found?
They form in the direction of ice flow where the ice spreads out sideways to cover large surface areas
53
Where are marginal or radial crevasses found?
Form near the sides of glacier they are caused by friction between the valley and the glacier where glacier turns a corner
54
Where are transverse crevasses found?
Form across a glacier where speed is increasing which causes stretching in direction of ice flow they are common in a accumulation zone and their steepening slopes
55
Explain extensional and compressional flow
Over steep slopes basal sliding increases and accelerates and thins (extensional flow) over shallow slopes basil slip slows and I thickens (compressional flow)
56
What several factors impact the rate of movement
Altitude gravity/gradient slope, friction size geology mass balance ice temperature
57
Define basal sliding
Occurs when there is meltwater beneath the glacier acting as a lubricant so the glacier can move
58
What is enhanced basal creep
This occurs when there is an obstacle in the path of the glacier, and is less then 1m in width. This causes increased pressure making the ice enclose around the object as the glacier passes over
59
What is extensional and compressional flow
Extensional- Over steep slopes basal sliding increases and ice accelerates and thins Compressional flow - over shallow slopes basal slip slows and ice thickens
60
What is the process where ice moves within a glacier
Internal deformation
61
What is the process where ice moves within a glacier
Internal deformation
62
Basal sliding
Happens just in warm glaciers Melt water lubricants the contact between the glacier ice and the bedrock
63
Basal sliding
Happens just in warm glaciers Melt water lubricants the contact between the glacier ice and the bedrock
64
Internal deformation
Happens dominantly in cold glaciers Where gravity and the weight of ice in accumulation zone Cause ice particles to slide over eachother
65
Extensional stream
When the inclination becomes more extreme The ice moves quicker extending the ice mass becoming more slender Characteristic breaks and stretch marks occur
66
Compressional flow
Where the slope becomes less steep or there is a significant snag The ice mass slows down and compresses Leading to faults on the ice, crevasses close up
67
Surge
Glaciers advance up to 100x the normal rates Usually caused by enhanced Basel creep Due to a build up of meltwater at the rock surface
68
Sub glacial bed deformation
As glaciers flow over soft sediment The movement of ice above results in the sediments below being ground down and dragged along the direction of flow Because it is softer The glacier might speed up
69
Fluvioglacial
Erosion and deposition which is a result of glacial meltwater

Geography (16 decks)

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