Carbon EQ2 Flashcards
What are the aspects of energy security
Availability
Accessibility
Affordability
Reliability
What are the different sources of energy
Domestic and foreign sources
Primary-natural found in nature-wind
secondary -electricity
Factors affecting consumption of energy
Physical availability
Cost
Standard of living
Government environment policy
Climate
Social attitudes
Economic development
Technology
What is the USAS energy mix
Largest is
gas
Oil
Coal
Nuclear
Small amounts of HEP
Fossil fuel focused
Much more varied has a mix of energy sources
Energy security
Second in world for energy consumption large population
France’s energy mix
Heavily invested in nuclear
70%
Gas and wind
Main source is nuclear
25% Fromm fossil fuels
Half of primary energy is imported therefore it’s reliant on other nations for energy- less energy secure
Energy pathway
Route energy takes from source to consumption
Who are some fossil fuel TNC
Shell
Gazprom
Exxonmobile
How many TNCs are government controlled
50%
OPEC
13 members
67% of worlds oil
In a position to control supply
Can disrupt markets and structure price
Can cause inflation
Energy companies
Convert primary energy into electricity
Set prices
Consumers
Transport
Industry
Domestic
Largely passive not much control over price only moving providers to get cheap prices
Governments
Guardians of national energy security
Influence sources of energy for geopolitical reasons therefore change supply
Supply and demand mismatch
How much of the worlds energy supply is fossil fuels based
86%
What process effect supply determined by
Climate
Biomass
Faulting
Continental drift
Asia china has world’s largest coal production matching largest consumption
North America gas
Supply is 18% yet demands 27%
Asia has no gas stores but demands 16%
Middle East supply’s
What does coal mainly come from
Australia
Indonesia
Russia
South Africa
Columbia
USA
Oil pathway
Middle East to Europe USA se Asia
Russian gas to Europe
Russian major supply to Europe
Second largest producer of gas most goes to Europe
5 pipelines for delivery to Europe
4 countries get 100% of gas to Finland Estonia
How has the conflict in Russia affect security
Countries which rely heavily of Russia for gas
Reluctance to challenge Russia
Due to resources
Unconventional fossil fuels
Tar sands
Oil shale
Shale gas
Deepwater oil
Tar sands
Mix of sands bitumen
Mined then extracted with steam then can be pumped out
Canadian tar sands
40% of Canada oil output
Decrease in price in 2015 saw a depression in industry
Shale gas
Natural gas trapped in sedimenty rocks
25% of all US gas supply
Growing use of fracking in USA
A key part of USA energy security
Deepwater oil
Oil and gas found in deepwater off shore
Brazilian deepwater
Petrobas extracts 500,000 barrels a day
Rigs are 2,000 m under sea to access oil
Risk of spills
Oil shale
Oil baring rocks permeable enough to pump oil directly out
Positives of unconventional fossil fuels
Locals benifit from
upskilling
more jobs
And local energy
Can add to energy mix creating more energy security
Adds to existing fossil fuel infrastructure-ICE CARS
Negatives of unconventional fossil
Extremely costly
Oil spills contaminated water increase
Long term effects of health and well being
Still using fossil fuels bad for environment
Renewable and recyclable energy
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Why is nuclear getting more expensive
High skilled jobs needed
Extensive infrastructure needed and waste material
Uk shift from coal
Towards renewables
Good valence
Nuclear 21%
Renewables 24.7%
Coal declining rapidly still
Biofuels
Grow crops for burning for fuel
Worldwide increase alternative to fossil fuels
Used agricultural land space
Usually used for food production
LIC prioritiey economic gain over food - food insecurity
Brazil use of biomass
5% renewables
90% of engines use fuel flex engine
Both petrol and ethanol from biofuel production - good for environment
Lots of agricultural land now used for biofuel production
BUT
this landscape has faced lots of deforestation of Amazon
Increased co2 emissions due to deforestation and cattle movement
Radical technology
CCS
Hydrogen fuel cells and electrical vehicles
CCS
effective in taking carbon out of atmosphere
Leak to soil surface
Cost compasses onto consumer
hydrogen fuel cells electrical cars
Production increasing
Government policy increasing usage -uk 2030 all cars electric
