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Pcol2 > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Nausea and vomiting may be manifestation of a wide
variety of condition including adverse effects from
medication; systemic disorder or infections; pregnancy;
vestibular dysfunction; CNS infection or increased
pressure

A

T

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2
Q

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONISTs

A

Ondansetron, Granisetron, Dolasetron, Palonosteron

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3
Q

Potent antiemetic properties that are mediated in part
through central 5-HT3 receptor

A

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST (Ondansetron, Granisetron, Dolasetron, Palonosteron)

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4
Q

T/F:SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST (Ondansetron, Granisetron, Dolasetron, Palonosteron) may be used in cancer chemotherapy

A

T

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5
Q

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST that has a serum t1/2 of 4 to 9 hrs and is administered orally or IV

A

Ondansetron, Granisetron, Dolasetron

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6
Q

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST that has greater affinity to the 5-HT3 receptor

A

Palonosteron

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7
Q

T/F: All SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST
undergoes hepatic metabolism and are eliminated by
renal and hepatic excretion

A

T

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8
Q

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST does not inhibit ___________

A

dopamine or muscarinic receptor

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9
Q

blocks the 5-HT3 receptor found on the vomiting center
and on your chemoreceptor trigger zone

A

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST

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10
Q

HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTs

A

Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate
Meclizine

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11
Q

Weak antiemetic, particularly useful for prevention or
treatment of motion sickness

A

HISTAMINE ANTAGONIST

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12
Q

1st generation H1 antagonist

A

Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate

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13
Q

H1 antagonist that has significant anticholinergic properties

A

Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate

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14
Q

H1 antagonist that may cause Sedation as its side effect

A

Diphenhydramine, Dimenhydrinate

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15
Q

H1 antihistamine agent with minimal anticholinergic
properties that also causes less sedation

A

Meclizine

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16
Q

H1 antihistamine agent that is used to prevent motion sickness and the treatment of
vertigo due to labyrinth dysfunction

A

Meclizine

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17
Q

CORTICOSTEROIDs

A

Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone

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18
Q

Enhance the efficacy of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist for
prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting

A

CORTICOSTEROID

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19
Q

patient experiences N&V within 24 hrs after
taking chemotherapeutic agents

A

Acute nausea and vomiting

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20
Q

patient experiences
N&V after 24 hrs

A

Delayed nausea and vomiting

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21
Q

Corticosteroid is usually used in an ______ form

A

IV

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22
Q

Corticosteroid is useful in __________ regimen

A

cancer chemotherapeutic

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23
Q

NEUROKININ RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTs

A

Aprepitant Fosaprepitant

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24
Q

NK1 receptor antagonist have __________ properties that
are mediated through central blockade in the area
_____________

A

antiemetic; postrema

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25
Q

NK1 may also be given to patients that experiences

A

Cancer Induces
Nausea and Vomiting (CINV)

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26
Q

Highly selective NK1 receptor antagonist that crosses the
blood-brain barrier and occupies brain NK1 receptor found
in CTZ

A

Aprepitant

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27
Q

NK1 receptor that has no affinity for serotonin and dopamine or
corticosteroid receptor

A

Aprepitant

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28
Q

NK1 receptor that is associated with fatigue, dizziness and diarrhea

A

Aprepitant

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29
Q

Apprepritant is metabolized by ________ and may inhibit the metabolism of
other drugs metabolized by ________

A

CYP3A4; CYP3A4

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30
Q

Aprepitant is available in

A

Oral form

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31
Q

Intravenous NK1 formulation that converted within 30 minutes
after infusion to aprepitant (active form)

A

Fosaprepitant

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32
Q

MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTs

A

Hyoscine / Scopolamine

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33
Q

Prototypic muscarinic receptor antagonist

A

Hyoscine / Scopolamine

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34
Q

Often used in preoperative analgesia, seasickness, motion
sickness, ocular irritation and irritable bowel syndrome

A

Hyoscine / Scopolamine

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35
Q

Hyoscine / Scopolamine is used as an

A

antiemetic

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36
Q

Hyoscine / Scopolamine may produce very high incidence of anticholinergic effects when given _____ or ___________

A

orally or parenterally

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37
Q

DOPAMINE 2 BLOCKERs

A

Phenothiazine
Droperidol

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38
Q

Antipsychotic agents that can be used for their potent
antiemetic and sedative properties

A

Phenothiazine

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39
Q

Phenothiazine inhibits _______ and _________receptor

A

dopamine and muscarinic receptor

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40
Q

Phenothiazine’s sedative properties are due to their

A

antihistamine activity

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41
Q

Phenothiazine drugs

A

Prochlorperazine, Promethazine, and Thiethylperazine

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42
Q

Antipsychotic butyrophenone also possess antiemetic
properties due to their central dopaminergic blockade

A

Droperidol

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43
Q

Droperidol is given as

A

IM or IV

44
Q

SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDE

A

Metoclopramide and Trimethobenzamide

45
Q

Primary mechanism of SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDE’ antiemetic action is believed to be
______________

A

dopamine receptor blockade

46
Q

SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDE that has weak antihistaminic activity, for
prevention and treatment of nausea and vomiting

A

Trimethobenzamide

47
Q

Principal adverse effect of these central dopamine
antagonist are extrapyramidal

A

SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDE

48
Q

extrapyramidal ADE of SUBSTITUTED BENZAMIDE

A

restlessness, dystonia and
parkinsonian symptoms

49
Q

BENZODIAZEPINEs

A

Lorazepam and Diazepam

50
Q

Used before the initiation of chemotherapy to reduce
anticipatory vomiting or vomiting caused by anxiety

A

BENZODIAZEPINE

51
Q

when patient previously had
chemo and experienced N&V

A

Anticipatory vomiting:

52
Q

CANNABINOIDS

A

Dronabinol, Nabilone

53
Q

T/F: Cannabinoids as oral medications, is fairly effective

A

T

54
Q

Almost completely absorbed but undergoes significant
first-pass hepatic metabolism

A

CANNABINOIDS

55
Q

Associated with an increase appetite

A

CANNABINOIDS

56
Q

T/F: CANNABINOIDS is also used in in cancer chemotherapeutic regimen

A

T

57
Q

T/F: CANNABINOIDS are More effective than marijuana

A

T

58
Q

IBD comprise 2 distinct disorder: ___________ and ___________

A

ulcerative colitis and
Crohn’s disease

59
Q

AMINOSALICYLATES 5-ASA

A

Sulfazalazine, Olsalazine, Balsalazide and various forms
of Mesalamine

60
Q

AMINOSALICYLATES 5-ASA differs from salicylic acid only by the addition of an _____________ at the 5 (meta) position

A

amino
group

61
Q

AMINOSALICYLATES 5-ASA work topically in areas of ____________

A

diseased gastrointestinal
mucosa

62
Q

Aqueous 5-ASA is absorbed from the ______________ and
(reaches/does not reach) the distal small bowel or colon in
appreciable quantities

A

small intestine; does not reach

63
Q

_____________is readily/rapidly absorbed from the
small intestine, absorption of 5-ASA from the colon is
_____________

A

Unformulated 5-ASA; extremely low

64
Q

Absorbed 5-ASA undergoes _____________ in the gut
epithelium and liver to a metabolite that does not possess
significant anti-inflammatory activity

A

N-acetylation

65
Q

GLUCOCORTICOIDs

A

Budesonide

66
Q

inhibit production of inflammatory
cytokines and chemokines to reduce the expression of
inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene
transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2,
Cyclooxygenase-2 and NF- KB

A

Glucocorticoids

67
Q

Glucocorticoids inhibit production of inflammatory
_________________ to reduce the expression of
inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene
transcription of __________, __________, __________ and __________

A

cytokines and chemokines; nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2,
Cyclooxygenase-2 and NF- KB

68
Q

Potent synthetic analog of prednisolone

A

Budesonide

69
Q

High affinity for glucocorticoid receptor but is subject to
rapid first-pass hepatic metabolism

A

Budesonide

70
Q

Widely used in transplantation medicine and autoimmune
disease

A

AZATHIOPRINE, 6-MERCAPTOPURINE

71
Q

Prodrug for mercaptopurine

A

AZATHIOPRINE

72
Q

Moderately to severe Crohn’s disease or chronically active
Crohn’s disease

A

AZATHIOPRINE, 6-MERCAPTOPURINE

73
Q

Associated with low risk of lymphoma causality uncertain

A

AZATHIOPRINE

74
Q

Also used in children at lower doses

A

AZATHIOPRINE

75
Q

Other uses include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic
lupus erythematosus

A

AZATHIOPRINE

76
Q

Interferes with nucleic acid synthesis, affecting B and T
cell function

A

6-MERCAPTOPURINE

77
Q

Antimetabolite and antifolate drug

A

METHOTREXATE

78
Q

Interferes with nucleic acid synthesis, and the folic acid
pathway

A

METHOTREXATE

79
Q

Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase

A

METHOTREXATE

80
Q

Underused in Crohn’s disease, but is essential for
management of IBD.

A

METHOTREXATE

81
Q

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTAGONISTs

A

Infliximab, Adalimumab, Golimumab, and Certolizumab

82
Q

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTAGONIST binds _______ and _______ TNF with high affinity,
preventing the cytokine from binding to its receptor

A

soluble; membrane-bound

83
Q

Causes reverse signaling that suppresses cytokine release

A

TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ANTAGONIST

84
Q

is a family of adhesion molecule on the surface of
leukocytes that may interact with another class of
adhesion molecules on the surface of the vascular
endothelium known as selectins allowing circulating
leukocytes to adhere to the vascular endothelium and
subsequently move through the vessel wall into the tissue.

A

Integrin

85
Q

Integrin is a family of __________ molecule on the surface of
leukocytes that may interact with another class of
adhesion molecules on the surface of the vascular
endothelium known as ___________ allowing circulating
leukocytes to adhere to the vascular endothelium and
subsequently move through the vessel wall into the tissue

A

adhesion; selectins

86
Q

ANTI-INTEGRIN THERAPY Drugs

A

Natalizumab

87
Q

Blocks integrins on circulating leukocytes

A

Natalizumab

88
Q

May be associated with multifocal leukoencephalopathy

A

Natalizumab

89
Q

Restricted to patients with severe Crohn’s disease

A

Natalizumab

90
Q

PANCREATIC REPLACEMENT THERAPY Drug

A

Natalizumab

91
Q

Not producing sufficient amount of pancreatic enzyme

A

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

92
Q

When secretion of pancreatic enzyme falls below 10% of
normal, fat and protein digestion is impaired and can lead
to __________

A

steatorrhea, azotorrrhea, vitamin malabsorption and
weight loss

93
Q

These product (from pigs) substitute for pancreatic lipase

A

Natalizumab

94
Q

Natalizumab is inactivated at pH levels below _______

A

4.0

95
Q

Natalizumab is taken as

A

enteric coated capsule

96
Q

GALLSTONE PREVENTION Drugs

A

Ursodiol (Ursodeoxycholic acid)

97
Q

Cholesterol stones are caused by the ___________ of
cholesterol out of solution in the bile

A

precipitation

98
Q

Ursodiol decrease cholesterol content of bile by

A

○ Decreasing cholesterol uptake by the intestine
○ Breaking up micelles containing cholesterol
● Decreasing hepatic cholesterol secretion

99
Q

Also used to relieve itching in pregnancy caused by
obstetric cholestasis

A

Ursodiol (Ursodeoxycholic acid)

100
Q

DRUGS USED TO TREAT VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE

A

Somatostatin and Octreotide
Vasopressin, Terlipressin

101
Q

Portal hypertension most commonly occur as a
consequence of chronic liver disease

A

VARICEAL HEMORRHAGE

102
Q

Agents that cause constriction so that the bleeding in the
variceal blood vessels would be inhibited.

A

Somatostatin and Octreotide

103
Q

Antidiuretic hormone secreted by the hypothalamus

A

Vasopressin

104
Q

Potent arterial vasoconstrictor

A

Vasopressin

105
Q

Vasopressin analog

A

Terlipressin

106
Q

Drugs that can be used in Cancer Chemotherapy

A

SEROTONIN 5-HT3 ANTAGONIST (Ondansetron, Granisetron, Dolasetron, Palonosteron)
CORTICOSTEROID (Dexamethasone and Methylprednisolone)
NEUROKININ RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST (Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant)
CANNABINOIDS (Dronabinol, Nabilone)

Pcol2 (20 decks)

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