CNS Flashcards
consists of the – brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
consists of the – neurons located outside the brain and spinal
cord; cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
involuntary
Autonomic
T/F: Brain and spinal cord are autonomic
True
“fight or
flight”
Sympathetic
T/F: autonomic nervous
system = somatic
True
Somatic
Voluntary
T/F: CNS also involves s several neurotransmitters e.g. GABA, glutamate, serotonin aside from norepinephrine and
acetylcholine
True
T/F: In CNS, Manipulating a diseased pathway
also affects healthy pathway
true
T/F: CNS drugs are NOTORIOUS for
causing side effects
true
Chemical substances produced and released by a neuron
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Carry information from one neuron to another
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
- Neurotransmission in the CNS utilizes __________ and _______ in addition to
the neurotransmitters Ach and NE
chemicals and peptides
Major EXCITATORY neurotransmitter
Glutamate
Memory, learning, and stress response
Glutamate
Glutamate is derived from ____________ coupled by _________ channel
glucose; sodium (+)
Major INHIBITORY neurotransmitter
GABA
GABA is derived from ________; coupled by the
________channel
glutamate; chloride (-)
Thought process
Serotonin/ 5-HT
Mood, wakefulness, sleep
Serotonin/ 5-HT
Feeding behavior
Serotonin/ 5-HT
Serotonin/ 5-HT is derived rom
Tryptophan
Serotonin/ 5-HT controls
sensory transmission
Motor control (nigrostriatal pathway)
Dopamine
Behavioral effect (mesolimbic and
mesocortical pathway)
Dopamine
- Endocrine control (tuberohypophyseal
pathway)
Dopamine
Dopamine is usually inhibited by
antipsychotic drugs
Arousal and mood
Norepinephrine
Blood pressure regulation
Norepinephrine
Known for mimicking the sympathetic
activity
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine is derived from
tyrosine
Norepinephrine is usually manipulated by
psychiatric drugs
Memory
Acetylcholine
Motor control
Acetylcholine
Binds to muscarinic receptor and
nicotinic recepto
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine derived from
choline and acetyl-CoA
Wakefulness (central receptors)
Histamine
Catecholamines collective term for ___________, __________, ___________
serotonin, dopamine, and
norepinephrine
T/F: Taking antihistamines – causes drowsiness
true
T/F: CNS depressants inhibits CNS activity
True
slowing down of CNS is done by enhancing the
type of inhibitory neurotransmitter (GABA)
CNS depressant prototype
Alcohol (ethyl alcohol)
Alcohol can interfere with the __________ neurotransmitter
excitatory
Drinking alcohol results to __________ or stimulation initially
aggressiveness
During the normal state (no alcohol intake), there is an
____________ mechanism in the body → prim and proper
inhibitory
Early stage of drinking alcohol – it ___________
the inhibitory mechanism → aggressive
inhibits or depresses
At later stage, alcohol inhibits ___________ → down
mood
other systems
Primary Chemical Classes of CNS depressants
Benzodiazepines, Barbiturates, Opiates
Opiates have __________ activity
analgesic
Insomnia
given with benzodiazepines
Anxiety
given with benzodiazepines
Seizure prevention
given with barbiturates
Pain management
given with opioids
Effect of Depressants:
relaxation, calming down
T/F: are all depressants prescribed drugs
True
Two types of gen anesthesia
- Inhalational (Volatile)
-Intravenous (Non-volatile)
Isoflurane, sevoflurane, diethyl ether, nitrous oxide
Inhalational (Volatile)
this type of gen anesthesia is usually accompanied by anesthesia machine
Inhalational (Volatile)
Propofol, ketamine
example Intravenous (Non-volatile)
used as IV anesthesia; currently being
explored for possible use for treatment for depression
Ketamine
STAGES OF ANESTHESIA
Stage 1: Analgesia
Stage 2: Excitement
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
Stage 4: Medullary Paralysis
Conscious but drowsy, no response to painful stimuli, amnesia in
later part
- Stage 1: Analgesia
Delirious (very excited, blurting out secrets), irregular respiration,
retching, vomiting, dangerous state
Stage 2: Excitement
After the effect of anesthesia, patients do not remember what they
blurted out
Stage 2: Excitement
Respiration is regular but shallow, no movement
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
Patient is asleep, not aware of what is happening, and do not feel
pain
Stage 3: Surgical Anesthesia
T/F: attains the goal (surgical anesthesia) after the surgery and makes sure the patient does NOT go into stage
4 (medullary paralysis)
False: before the start of
Vasomotor and respiratory support ceases, death occurs in a few
minutes
Stage 4: Medullary Paralysis
- Induces the CNS activity
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM STIMULANTS
Stimulants induces the _______
excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate)
STimulants category
Category 1: Convulsants and Respiratory Stimulants
Category 2: Psychomotor Stimulants
Category 3: Psychomimetic Drugs
Doxapram, Nikethamide, Leptazol, Strychnine
Category 1: Convulsants and Respiratory Stimulants
causes convulsions; also commonly used in
rats
Strychnine
Amphetamine, Caffeine, Cocaine
- Category 2: Psychomotor Stimulants
common recreational drugs;
illegal in the PH
Amphetamine and cocaine
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), Phencyclidine, Cannabinoids
(THC)
Category 3: Psychomimetic Drugs
marijuana, mary jane (street name)
Cannabinoids
Methoxyflurane is a __________ anesthesia
inhalational anesthesia
Jar with wire mesh (elevated)
Drop jar
T/F: Drop jar is used to administer the inhalational anesthesia
Truee
formerly the mainstay of treatment to sedate
patients or to induce and maintain sleep
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM
C11H17N2NaO3
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM
Sedative, anxiolytic, hypnotic
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM
PENTOBARBITAL SODIUM is largely replaced by ___________
benzodiazepines
T/F: Phenobarbital Na can induce
tolerance, drug metabolizing enzymes, and physical dependence
and are associated with a very severe withdrawal syndrome
true
Phento Na indication
: Anesthesia, insomnia, seizure disorders
Pheno Na is a _________ depressant CNS effect including
sedation, relief of anxiety, amnesia, hypnosis, anesthesia
Dose-dependent
Pheno Na is a _________ depressant CNS effect including
_________, _________, ________, __________, ________
sedation, relief of anxiety, amnesia, hypnosis, anesthesia
Pheno Na Binds to specific _________ receptor subunits at CNS neuronal synapses
_____________ duration of GABA-mediated _______ ion channel opening
GABA; increasing; chloride
- Anxiolytic and hypnotic drugs
BARBITURATES
short acting barbiturates
Pentobarbital (parent compound)
Pentobarbital sodium (C11H17N2NaO3) –
Secobarbital
Amobarbital
ultra short-acting barbiturates
Thiopental
long-acting barbiturates
Phenobarbital
CONVULSANT AND RESPIRATORY STIMULANT
STRYCHNINE
STRYCHNINE is from the seeds of the
Indian tree (Strychnos nux-vomica)
t/f: Strychnine is poison from vermins
T
Strychnine : blocks __________inhibition at the receptor in the CNS &
spinal cord
postjunctional glycine
Causes violent extensor spasm (voluntary muscles)
STRYCHNINE
Strychnine effect
Risus sardonicus (aka lockjaw)
Facial expression characterized by raised eyebrows and grinning
distortion of the face resulting from spasm of facial muscle
Risus sardonicus (aka lockjaw)
treatment to strychnine
: Diazepam to prevent seizures
PSYCHOMIMETIC DRUGS
METHYLPHENIDATE
Anorectic, sympathomimetic actions
METHYLPHENIDATE
cause excitement and
euphoria, decrease feeling of fatigue, and increase motor activity
Psychomimetic/ psychostimulant drugs (METHYLPHENIDATE)
METHYLPHENIDATE indication
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) - Ritalin
Adjunct therapy for obesity → anorexiant effect
Methylphenidate Moa: Indirect acting ___________ and __________ agonist; release
biogenic amine from storage vesicles
dopaminergic and noradrenergic
T/F: methylphenidate - Can be attenuated by dopamine antagonist
T
Overdose treatment for methylphenidate
● Acidify urine
● Give antipsychotics to treat VNS (vagus nerve stimulation)
symptoms
● Alpha-receptor blocker to lower BP
T/F: Methylphenidate’s pharmacologic effect is similar to cocaine and amphetamine, but
methylphenidate is more addicting
false: methylphenidate is less addicting