Antibacterial Agents Overview Flashcards
Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and miscellaneous drugs
Active on cell walls, inhibiting transpeptidase and promoting cross-linking for a stronger wall
Penicillins
Penicillins are ________ on cell walls, inhibiting _____________ and promoting cross-linking for a stronger wall
active; transpeptidase
Defense mechanisms of Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors
Beta-lactamase enzymes countered by inhibitors like clavulanic acid
Resistance mechanisms of Penicillins:
Beta-lactamase, structural changes in proteins, or alterations in the outer wall.
Cell walls have sites that are amenable to ___________
transpeptidation
Cross-linking is facilitated by proteins acting on _____________ of the cell wall, linking them together
peptidoglycans
Penicillins have a ________ ring that binds to the protein
B-lactam
By inhibiting the penicillin binding protein, __________ of the cell wall will occur.
autocatalysis
B-lactamases (penicillinases) ___________ the B-lactam ring
break down
mechanism of most types of resistance
B-lactamases (penicillinases) break down the B-lactam ring
The breaking down of the B-lactam rings are countered by inhibitors of these enzymes
Clavulanic acid (i.e. amoxicillin-clavulanate)
Sulbactam (ampicillin sulbactam)
Tazobactam (i.e. piperacillin-tazobactam)
amoxicillin-clavulanate
Clavulanic acid
ampicillin sulbactam
Sulbactam
piperacillin-tazobactam
Tazobactam
Changes in the porin structures in the outer wall (i.e. pseudomonas aeruginosa are seen in __________ resistance
methicillin resistance
Penicillins that have very narrow spectrum
Methicillin, nafcillin, oxacillin
__________________ are resistant to all penicillins
methicilin resistant staphylococcus aureus
Penicillin linked to interstitial nephritis
Methicillin
Penicillin associated with neutropenia
Nafcillin
Penicillins that have wider spectrum but are still susceptible to B-lactamases
Ampicillin, amoxicillin
Ampicillin, amoxicillin are enhanced when used with ____________
clavulanate
In ______________ infections, ampicillin is complementary with ________
eneterococcal; aminoglycosides
Penicillins that have strong activity against gram-negative organisms
Piperacillin, ticarcillin
Penicillins that have compelmetary actions with aminoglycosides
Piperacillin, ticarcillin
These are susceptible to penicillinases, used with tazobactam to limit resistance
Piperacillin, ticarcillin
Piperacillin, ticarcillin are susceptible to penicillinases, used with _________ to limit resistance
tazobactam
First generation cephalosporins
Cefalozin, cephalexin
Used in surgical infections
First generation cephalosporins (Cefalozin, cephalexin)
Minimal effectiveness against gram-negative bacteria
First generation cephalosporins (Cefalozin, cephalexin)