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Pharmacology > GI tract > Flashcards

GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of gastrointestinal (GI) system (3)

A

Intake of food and fluid into the body
◦ Absorption of nutrients and fluid
◦ Excretion of waste products

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2
Q

Ruminant animals are herbivorous and have a GI system characterized by:

A

Three forestomachs, the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and a “true” stomach

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3
Q

Equines, rabbits, and some rodents are chiefly herbivorous animals that have a monogastric GI configuration and are considered

A

hindgut fermenters

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4
Q

Regulation of GI system activity is complex but can be said to be under influence of following three basic control systems

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
  2. Gastrointestinal hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
  3. Substances such as histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin are released from specialized cells of GI tract
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5
Q

Emetics

A

Drugs that induce vomiting

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6
Q

Emetics are administered

A

to animals that have ingested toxins;

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7
Q

(Emetics) When not to induce vomiting:

A

acid/base
altered mentation
species that cannot vomit

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8
Q

Antiemetics

A

Drugs that are used to prevent or control vomiting

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9
Q

Antiemetics will block

A

receptors centrally in the CRTZ, emetic center, and peripheral receptors

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10
Q

Subcategory of Emetics

A

Local and central acting

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11
Q

MOA of Emetics Central

A

stimulation of CRTZ

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12
Q

MOA of Emetics local

A

local irritation

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13
Q

Uses for Emetics central

A

Know when not to use

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14
Q

Adverse effect emetics central

A

prolonged vomiting

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15
Q

Adverse effect emetics local

A

severe gastritis, aspiration

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16
Q

Subcategory of Antiemetics (5)

A
  1. phenothiazine
  2. Procainamide
  3. Antihistamine
  4. serotonin antagonist
  5. NK-1 Receptor antagonist
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17
Q

phenothiazine MOA

A

blocking dopamine receptors in the CRTZ and possibly by direct inhibition of the vomiting center

18
Q

Phenothiazine USE

A

preventing motion sickness in dogs/cats

19
Q

Phenothiazine side effects

A

Hypotension and sedation and ataxia

20
Q

Procainamide Derivative MOA

A

block dopamine on CRTZ & increases gastric contraction, speeds emptyping, increases
peristalsis of the small intestine, relax pyloric sphincter

21
Q

Procainamide Derivative USES

A

prevent motion sickness

22
Q

Procainamide Derivative ADVSERSE EFFECTS

A

CNS or behavioral changes /contraindicated with GI obstruction (constipation)

23
Q

Antihistamines (H1 blockers) MOA

A

block histamine-1 in CRTZ

24
Q

Antihistamines are most effective as ___ in dogs/cats when vomiting is a result of motion sickness and

A

Antiemetics
Inner ear abnormalities

25
Q

Antihistamines (H1 blockers) ADVERSE EFFECT

A

sedation

26
Q

serotonin antagonist MOA

A

Blockade of 5-HTR

27
Q

serotonin antagonist USE

A

chemotherapy; severe vomiting

28
Q

NK-1 Receptor Anatagonist MOA

A

Blocks binding of substance P to
Neurokinin-1 R in CRTZ

29
Q

NK-1 Receptor Anatagonist USES

A

Vomiting from motion sickness/ acute

30
Q

NK-1 Receptor Anatagonist ADVERSE EFFECT

A

diarrnea, anorexia, increase salivation

31
Q

Gastric ulcers may occur in animals for what reasons (4)

A

stress
metabolic disease
gastric hyperacidity
Drug therapy

32
Q

Subcategory for Antiulcer and Antacids (5)

A
  1. H-2 Receptor antagonists
  2. proton pump inhibitor
  3. Antacids
  4. Gastromucosal protectants
  5. Prostaglandin E1 analogues
33
Q

H-2 Receptor antagonists MOA

A

H2 blockers - reduces HCl acid release by parietal cells

34
Q

Vomiting

A

Forceful ejection of the contents of the stomach, and sometimes the contents of the proximal small intestine

35
Q

Vomiting center (emetic center) is connected by nerve pathways to the

A

chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

36
Q

Multiple neurotransmitters are involved in the

A

vomiting reflexes

37
Q

H-2 Receptor antagonists Uses

A

prevention of gastric, abomasal or duodenal ulcers; gastric reflux

38
Q

H-2 Receptor antagonist Adverse effect

A

some slow metabolism of other drugs

39
Q

proton pump inhibitor MOA

A

bind irreversibly to Na-K-ATPase enzyme of parietal cells; preventing HCl release

40
Q

Proton pump inhibitor Uses

A

treat gastric or duodenal ulcers, and esophattis

41
Q

Proton pump inhibitor Adverse effect

A

constipation, sedation, ileus, pancreatitis, CNS effects

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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