Final Flashcards
Which is a primary reason for cells to stop reproducing and growing?
apoptosis
What cell is responsible for clotting blood?
Thrombocytes
Which neurotransmitter causes skeletal muscle to contract if one receptor is stimulated and decreases the heart rate if a different receptor is stimulated?
acetylocholine
Which is the primary cholinergic neurotransmitter?
acetylocholine
Which is a cholinergic receptor?
nicotinic
Which is the major inhibitor neurotransmitter found in the brain?
GABA
When bronchioles are stimulated to dilate, which receptor is involved?
Beta-1
Which are the body’s responses when the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated?
Pupils dilate, heart strengthens contractions and bronchi dilate
Which part of the brain is responsible for vital functions, like respiration, vomiting, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure regulation?
Brain stem
What tissues are most frequently affected by chemotherapy?
GI and bone marrow
Killed vaccines readily replicate within the host which makes them highly effective at stimulating the immune response to develop antibodies.
False
Which category of drug is used for sedation, muscle relaxation and anxiety?
benzodiazepine
An aggressive dog needs a physical exam and blood work. Which drug would allow us to examine the dog then send it home?
acepromazine
Which is an advantage of using inhalant anesthesia?
slow to change depth
Which category of drug stimulates mu and kappa receptors and is used for analgesia?
opioids
What do lidocaine, atropine, dopamine, and vasopressin have in common?
These agents are all used for cardiac emergencies and should be readily available in the crash cart
Hematinics
Substances that tend to promote an increase in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
Erythropoietin
mimics the bodies hormone that is released by the ______ to stimulate RBC production by ________
Kidney; Bone marrow;
Erythropoietin used in
CRF
Iron
mineral necessary for the production of RBCs
Iron used in
piglet anemia and other mild anemias
Androgens
promote tissue anabolism, weight gain and RBC production
Androgens used in
CRF (less expensive that erythropoietin, but controlled)
Whole Blood
transfusion to increase the number of RBCs
Blood substitutes
hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier solutions
Oxyglobin
expensive, but long self-life and universally compatible
Coagulation
Designed to inhibit the loss of vital blood constituents from the circulatory system
Mechanical stage of coagulation
Platelet aggregation
Heparin
Green top tubes used for chemical analysis
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
Lavender top tubes for CBC and morphology of cells
Coumarin derivatives
Prevention of thromboembolism, toxic levels must be monitored
Antiplatelet drugs
Prevention of thromboembolism; heartworm treatment and HCM (Aspirin)
Hemostatics
Substances that promote blood clotting
Topical agents
Provide a framework in which a clot may form or by coagulating blood protein to initiate clot formation. Used to control capillary bleeding or bleeding from other small vessels
Parenteral agents
Act as anticoagulant antagonists
◦ Protamine sulfate – used for heparin overdose
◦ Vitamin K1 – used to treat coumarin overdose or rat poisoning
Fibrinolytic Drugs
Used to break down or dissolve thrombi
May help to remove or reduce the size of the occluding thromboembolus and minimize tissue damage
Tumor
any tissue mass or swelling (broad term)
Neoplasia
abnormal growth of tissue into a mass that is not
responsive to normal cellular control mechanisms
Benign
grow locally, usually not invasive and rarely cause mortality
Malignant (cancer)
neoplasia that can cause destruction of tissue origin;
these can be locally invasive or cause metastasis (move to other tissues in the body)
Alkylating Agents
Cell cycle nonspecific used for various cancers
Anthracyclines
Cell cycle nonspecific used for lymphoproliferative cancers
Antimetabolites
S phase Cell cycle specific used for lymphoproliferative, Gi, and liver cancers
Antitubulin Agents
M phase Cell cycle specific used for carcinomas, mast cell and splenic
Immunosuppressive drugs
Used in veterinary medicine to treat various immune-mediated
disorders; particularly atopic dermatitis
Rabies vaccine
Distal right rear leg
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
Distal left rear leg
All other vaccines
Right shoulder area
Location of vaccine administration also important in cattle
Lateral cervical neck
In horses, most vaccines are administered via subcutaneous and intramuscular route
In lateral cervical neck or semitendinosus
Active Immunity
- Most vaccinations stimulate the immune system to activate B-cells, T- cells and produce antibodies & memory cells to that organism
- Vaccine types differ in their ability to produce an adequate immune
response
Passive Immunity
- The patient’s immune system does not get activated.
2 The patient gets antibodies that are ready to fight
Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Requires repeat dosing to get adequate response and response can be short
Live vaccines
May be fully virulent or avirulent and therefore cause illness
Modified live (attenuated) vaccines
Effective vaccines, that produce long lived response with fewer repeated doses
Recombinant vaccines
Fewer side effects and produce effective immunity
Toxoid vaccines
Produces immunity to a toxin instead of an organism
Antitoxin vaccines
◦ Produce immediate passive immunity
◦ Immunity is short lived (about 7 to 14 days)
Antiserum
Kills living, infectious antigens
◦ Immunity is short lived
◦ Do not vaccine within 21 days after antiserum is given
Autogenous vaccine
Contains organisms isolated from an infected animal on a farm where a disease outbreak is occurring
Mixed vaccine
◦ Contains a mixture of different antigens
◦ Also referred to as a “polyvalent vaccine” when two or more strains/serotypes of the same antigen are used in a vaccine
Boosters allow vaccines to produce an
optimum immune response
In most cases, an adequate immune response is not achieved before 10 to 14 days
10-14 days
Live vaccines are especially affected by
concurrent antibiotic therapy
Most notable risks involving vaccination responses
- Residual virulence and toxicity
◦ Allergic reactions resulting from hypersensitivity
◦ Disease in immunosuppressed animals
◦ Possible effects on a fetus
◦ Abortion
Hypersensitivity can be caused by several factors
T or F
True
Core vaccines
Recommended for most animals to protect them from highly contagious diseases that are widespread in the environment
Noncore vaccines
Optional vaccines that should still be considered for animals at risk for developing disease based on geographic location and the lifestyle of the
animal
Canine core vaccines
Canine distemper virus
◦ Canine adenovirus type-2
◦ Canine parainfluenza
◦ Canine parvovirus
◦ Rabies vaccine (1 year or 3 year)
Canine noncore vaccines
Canine leptospirosis
◦ B. bronchiseptica
◦ Canine influenza
◦ Canine coronavirus
◦ Canine Giardia
◦ Canine B. burgdorferi (Lyme)
Feline core vaccines
FHerpesVirus-1
◦ FCaliciVirus
◦ FPanleukopeniaVirus
◦ Rabies vaccin
Feline noncore vaccines
Feline leukemia virus (core for all kittens)
◦ FIV
◦ Feline chlamydia felis
◦ Feline B. bronchiseptica
Equine core vaccines
Tetanus
◦ Eastern/western equine encephalomyelitis (EEE/WEE)
◦ West Nile virus
◦ Rabies
Bovine core vaccines (AABP Vaccination Guidelines 2021)
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
◦ B Respiratory Syncytial Virus
◦ B Viral Diarrhea type 1 and 2
◦ ParaInfluenza 3
◦ Clostridial diseases
Sheep core vaccines
Clostridium perfringens type C
◦ Clostridium perfringens type D
◦ Clostridium tetani
Goat core vaccines
Clostridium perfringens type C
◦ Clostridium perfringens type D
◦ Clostridium tetani
Parasympathetic and Neuromuscular
Acetylcholine
Alpha-1
vasoconstriction
Alpha-2
generally inhibitory
Beta-1
increase heart rate and force, stimulate renin system
Beta-2
vasodilation and bronchodilation
Parasympathetic nervous system (cholinergic)
Muscarinic – stimulate parasympathetic
Neuromuscular junction
Nicotinic – stimulate skeletal muscle contraction
Inhalant
◦ Used for general anesthesia and considered very safe
Injectable anesthetic
Use for anesthetic induction or general anesthesia when given by bolus or CRI
Barbiturates
Use to be used for anesthesia, but rare now
Barbiturates can cause
severe cardiac and respiratory depression
Barbiturates; highly fat soluble, must be used with caution in
sight hounds or very thin animals
Methods of delivering high concentrations of supplemental oxygen
Nasal catheters
◦ Nasal cannulas
◦ Oxygen cages
◦ Oxygen masks
Commonly Used Emergency Drugs
Antihistamines
Anticholinergics
Cholinergic blockers
Beta-2 adrenergics
Methylxanthines
Corticosteroids used to treat
Inflammation
◦ Anaphylaxis
◦ Spinal cord injury
◦ Immune mediated diseases
Lidocaine
Local anesthetic used to treat ventricular tachycardia and ventricular premature complexes
Propanol
Reduces heart rate, blood pressure, and cardiac output
Atenolol
Beta-blocker that is primarily used as an antiarrhythmic to reduce heart rate and blood pressure
Furosemide is most commonly used in the treatment of _________ due to its ability to decrease preload through _________
heart failure
diuresis
Mannitol is an ______that promotes diuresis by increasing osmotic pressure in the renal tubules. Reduces water reabsorption thereby increasing
osmotic diuretic
urine production and diuresis
Inotropes
contractility of the heart muscle by increasing the strength of contractions
Digoxin
Decreases heart rate, increases strength of heart contractions, and regulates heart rhythm
Dopamine
Used to treat shock, congestive heart failure, and to increase renal perfusion
Dobutamine
Used for short-term treatment of heart failure
Vasodilators
Used to decrease preload and decrease afterload to improve cardiac output
Giving vasodilators will dilate (open) the vessels and
decrease resistance
Nitroglycerin
Used primarily in heart failure to improve cardiac output and decrease pulmonary edema
Diazepam
not for long term
Chlorpromazine
Phenothiazine tranquilizer that is used to control
vomiting associated with gastrointestinal inflammation, parvo virus, and vomiting from chemotherapy
Metoclopramide hydrochloride
Used to control vomiting and to treat gastric motility disorders
Emetics
induce vomiting
Must be administered within 2 to 6 hours of toxic ingestion to be ?
effective
Long-acting barbiturates are used to prevent seizures
Phenobarbital
Short-acting barbiturates are used in euthanasia solutions
Pentobarbital
Anticonvulsants
Drugs used to control seizures
Water-soluble B vitamin used for the treatment or prevention of
thiamine deficiency
