GI Random Flashcards
Rostral fold closure
sternal defects
Lateral fold closure
omphalocele, gastroschisis
Caudal fold closure
bladder exstrophy
Double bubble sign
Duodenal atresia
Midgut herniates through umbilical ring @ ____ week, and returns to abdomen + rotates around SMA @ _____week. with a _____degree _____turn
6th and 10th
270, counterclockwise turn
Congenital pyloric stenosis
Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
Retroperitoneal structures
SAD PUCKER
- Suprarenal (adrenal) gland
- Aorta and IVC
- Duodenum (parts 2-4)
- Pancreas (except tail)
- Ureters
- Colon (descending and ascending)
- Kidneys
- Esophagus (thoracic part)
- Rectum (partially)
Painless jaundice
tumor at head of pancreas obstructing common bile duct alone
Falciform ligament
Contains ligamentum teres hepatis
- derivative of fetal umbilical vein
Spenorenal ligament
Contains splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas
GI nerve plexuses
Submucosal = Meissner Myenteric = Auerbach
Serosa vs. adventitia
Intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal
basal electrical rhythm (slow waves) of GI
Stomach - 3 waves/min
Duodenum - 12 waves/min
Ileum - 8-9 waves/min
Vertebral levels of (celiac/SMA/IMA)
T12/L1
L1
L3
Blocked blood supply of stomach?
Poor anastomoses - short gastric
Strong anastomoses - L/R gastroepiploics, L/R gastrics
Common location for anal fissure
Below the pectinate line POSTERIORLY
Liver: Zone 1 (peripheral)
- Affected 1st by viral hepatitis
- Ingested toxins (eg. cocaine)
Liver: Zone 2 (intermediate)
- yellow fever
Liver: Zone 3 (pericentral vein/centrilobular)
- affected 1st by ischemia
- contains cytochrome P-450 system
- most sensitive to metabolic toxins
- site of alcoholic hepatitis
Femoral triangle contents
lateral to medial to find your NAVEL
- Nerve (not in femoral sheath)
- Artery
- Vein
- Empty space
- Lymphatics
Inguinal crease
Lateral border of femoral artery (site of fem.n. block)
Direct hernia covering
External spermatic fascia only
Gastrin receptor
CCK(B) receptor acting on Gq
Pancreatic secretions: low flow vs. high flow
high Cl- vs. high HCO3-
both are isotonic fluid
Carbohydrate absorption
Glucose and galactose - SGLT1 (Na+ dependent)
Fructose - GLUT5
All @ basal - GLUT2
D-xylose absorption test
distinguishes GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption
Bile salts
Bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine making them water soluble
Rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis
Cholesterol 7(alpha)-hydroxylase
Enzymes in heme breakdown
Heme oxygenase (heme to biliverdin)
- requires O2, NADH, NADPH
- produces CO, Fe3+
Biliverdin reductase (biliverdin to bilirubin)
Embryonal vascular ischemia
- Jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia
- Apple peel atresia
Most common tracheoeosophageal anomaly
EA w/ distal TEF (air in stomach)
Largest number of goblet cells in SI + location of peyers patches
Ileum
SMA syndrome
3rd part of duodenum trapped under SMA causing obstruction
Venous drainage above and below pectinate line
Above - superior rectal vein –> IMA –> portal system
Below - inferior rectal vein –> internal pudendal vein –> internal iliac vein
Painless jaundice
tumor in head of pancreas obstructing ONLY the common bile duct
Salivary gland tumors: Pleomorphic adenoma
- Benign mixed tumor (most common tumor)
- Painless mobile mass
- Chondromyxoid stroma + epithelium
Salivary gland tumors: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
- Most common malignant
- Painless, slow-growing
- Mucinous and squamous
Salivary gland tumors: Warthin tumor
- Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
- Benign cystic tumor w/ germinal centers
Behcet syndrome
Apthous ulcer + genital ulcers + uveitis
Mallory-Weiss syndrome can lead to…
Boerhaave syndrome (possible w/ pneumomediastium)
Do esophageal varices cause pain?
NO
Nocturnal cough, dyspnea and adult-onset asthma?
GERD
Beefy red tongue (glositis)?
Plummer-Vinson Syndrome
