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USMLE Step 1 > GI Random > Flashcards

GI Random Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Rostral fold closure

A

sternal defects

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2
Q

Lateral fold closure

A

omphalocele, gastroschisis

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3
Q

Caudal fold closure

A

bladder exstrophy

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4
Q

Double bubble sign

A

Duodenal atresia

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5
Q

Midgut herniates through umbilical ring @ ____ week, and returns to abdomen + rotates around SMA @ _____week. with a _____degree _____turn

A

6th and 10th

270, counterclockwise turn

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6
Q

Congenital pyloric stenosis

A

Hypokalemic hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis

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7
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A

SAD PUCKER

  • Suprarenal (adrenal) gland
  • Aorta and IVC
  • Duodenum (parts 2-4)
  • Pancreas (except tail)
  • Ureters
  • Colon (descending and ascending)
  • Kidneys
  • Esophagus (thoracic part)
  • Rectum (partially)
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8
Q

Painless jaundice

A

tumor at head of pancreas obstructing common bile duct alone

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9
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Contains ligamentum teres hepatis

- derivative of fetal umbilical vein

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10
Q

Spenorenal ligament

A

Contains splenic artery and vein, tail of pancreas

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11
Q

GI nerve plexuses

A 
Submucosal = Meissner
Myenteric = Auerbach
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12
Q

Serosa vs. adventitia

A

Intraperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal

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13
Q

basal electrical rhythm (slow waves) of GI

A

Stomach - 3 waves/min
Duodenum - 12 waves/min
Ileum - 8-9 waves/min

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14
Q

Vertebral levels of (celiac/SMA/IMA)

A

T12/L1
L1
L3

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15
Q

Blocked blood supply of stomach?

A

Poor anastomoses - short gastric

Strong anastomoses - L/R gastroepiploics, L/R gastrics

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16
Q

Common location for anal fissure

A

Below the pectinate line POSTERIORLY

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17
Q

Liver: Zone 1 (peripheral)

A
  • Affected 1st by viral hepatitis

- Ingested toxins (eg. cocaine)

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18
Q

Liver: Zone 2 (intermediate)

A
  • yellow fever
19
Q

Liver: Zone 3 (pericentral vein/centrilobular)

A
  • affected 1st by ischemia
  • contains cytochrome P-450 system
  • most sensitive to metabolic toxins
  • site of alcoholic hepatitis
20
Q

Femoral triangle contents

A

lateral to medial to find your NAVEL

  • Nerve (not in femoral sheath)
  • Artery
  • Vein
  • Empty space
  • Lymphatics
21
Q

Inguinal crease

A

Lateral border of femoral artery (site of fem.n. block)

22
Q

Direct hernia covering

A

External spermatic fascia only

23
Q

Gastrin receptor

A

CCK(B) receptor acting on Gq

24
Q

Pancreatic secretions: low flow vs. high flow

A

high Cl- vs. high HCO3-

both are isotonic fluid

25
Q

Carbohydrate absorption

A

Glucose and galactose - SGLT1 (Na+ dependent)
Fructose - GLUT5
All @ basal - GLUT2

26
Q

D-xylose absorption test

A

distinguishes GI mucosal damage from other causes of malabsorption

27
Q

Bile salts

A

Bile acids conjugated to glycine or taurine making them water soluble

28
Q

Rate limiting step of bile acid synthesis

A

Cholesterol 7(alpha)-hydroxylase

29
Q

Enzymes in heme breakdown

A

Heme oxygenase (heme to biliverdin)

  • requires O2, NADH, NADPH
  • produces CO, Fe3+

Biliverdin reductase (biliverdin to bilirubin)

30
Q

Embryonal vascular ischemia

A
  • Jejunal, ileal, colonic atresia

- Apple peel atresia

31
Q

Most common tracheoeosophageal anomaly

A

EA w/ distal TEF (air in stomach)

32
Q

Largest number of goblet cells in SI + location of peyers patches

A

Ileum

33
Q

SMA syndrome

A

3rd part of duodenum trapped under SMA causing obstruction

34
Q

Venous drainage above and below pectinate line

A

Above - superior rectal vein –> IMA –> portal system

Below - inferior rectal vein –> internal pudendal vein –> internal iliac vein

35
Q

Painless jaundice

A

tumor in head of pancreas obstructing ONLY the common bile duct

36
Q

Salivary gland tumors: Pleomorphic adenoma

A
  • Benign mixed tumor (most common tumor)
  • Painless mobile mass
  • Chondromyxoid stroma + epithelium
37
Q

Salivary gland tumors: Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A
  • Most common malignant
  • Painless, slow-growing
  • Mucinous and squamous
38
Q

Salivary gland tumors: Warthin tumor

A
  • Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum

- Benign cystic tumor w/ germinal centers

39
Q

Behcet syndrome

A

Apthous ulcer + genital ulcers + uveitis

40
Q

Mallory-Weiss syndrome can lead to…

A

Boerhaave syndrome (possible w/ pneumomediastium)

41
Q

Do esophageal varices cause pain?

A

NO

42
Q

Nocturnal cough, dyspnea and adult-onset asthma?

A

GERD

43
Q

Beefy red tongue (glositis)?

A

Plummer-Vinson Syndrome

USMLE Step 1 (26 decks)

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