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USMLE Step 1 > Endrocrine random > Flashcards

Endrocrine random Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Input to adrenal medulla

A

T5-T11 (celiac/renal plexuses)

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2
Q

Common alpha subunit

A

TSH, LH, FSH, hCG

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3
Q

Acidophils

A

GH, prolactin

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4
Q

Basophils

A

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH

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5
Q

Insulin fun facts

A

Increase Na retention and does not cross the placenta

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6
Q

Insulin independent transporters

A

GLUT1 - RBCs, brain, cornea
GLUT2 (bidirectional) - B islet cells, liver, kidney, small intestine
GLUT3 - brain
GLUT5 (fructose) - spermatocytes, GI tract

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7
Q

Insulin-dependent cell response to insulin

A

Tyrosine phosphorylation:

1) PI-3 kinase pathway: a) GLUT4 upreg b) Glycogen, protein, lipid synthesis
2) RAS/MAP kinase pathway causing cell grown and DNA synthesis

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8
Q

Insulin release (stim/inhib)

A
  • Glucose, AA, enteric hormones, glucagon, vagus, Beta-adrenergic, GH (by increasing resistance)
  • Somatostatin, insulin
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9
Q

Glucagon release (stim/inhib)

A
  • AA, enteric hormones, cortisol, vagus, Beta-adrenergic

- Glucose, f.a., ketone bodies, insulin, somatostatin

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10
Q

Beta-endorphin

A
  • CRH causes release

- Endogenous opioid neuropeptide

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11
Q

Tesamorelin

A

GHRH analog for HIV-associated lipodystrophy

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12
Q

Somatostatin

A

decreased GH and TSH

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13
Q

TRH

A

Increased TSH and Prolactin

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14
Q

Prolactin stimulates…

A

dopamine

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15
Q

IGF-1

A

Somatomedin C

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16
Q

GH (stim/inhib)

A
  • Exercise, sleep, Ghrelin (GH secretagog receptor)

- Glucose, somatostatin, IGF-1

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17
Q

Ghrelin release

A

Sleep loss and Prader-Willi syndrome

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18
Q

Leptin MOA

A
  • Inhibits neuropeptide Y production in arcuate nuc. of hypothalamus (apatite stimulator in lateral thalamus)
  • Increases POMC, thus alpha-MSH which is a hunger suppressant in medial thalamus
19
Q

Cortisol on fibroblasts and immune

A
  • Decreased fibroblast activity (striae)
  • Decreases PG/LT, Neutrophilia, block histamine release, reduce eosinophils, block IL-2 production (TB/candidiasis reactivation)
20
Q

Chvostek sign

A

tap facial nerve and fascial muscle contract (=hypocalcemia)

21
Q

Trousseau sign

A

Prolonged BP cuff causes carpo-pedal spasm (=hypocalcemia)

22
Q

Increased pH

A

causes hypocalcemia

23
Q

24,25-(OH)2 D3

A

Inactive form

24
Q

RANK-L

A
  • receptor activator of NF-KB ligand

- increased by PTH (along with macrophage CSF)

25
Q

Hypomagnesemia (causes/effect)

A
  • Diarrhea, aminoglycosides, diuretics, alcohol abuse

- slight=increased PTH, significant=decreased PTH

26
Q

Low phosphorus

A

Increased 1,25(OH)2D3 production

27
Q

cAMP

A

FLAT ChAMP

- FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (V2), MSH, PTH, calcitonin, GHRH, glucagon

28
Q

cGMP

A

ANP, BNP, NO (EDRF)

29
Q

IP3

A

GOAT HAG

GnRH, Oxytocin, ADH (V1), TRH, Histamine (H1), Angiotensin II, Gastrin

30
Q

Intracellular receptor

A

VETTT CAP

VitD, Estrogen, Testosterone, T3/T4, Cortisol, Aldosterone, Progesterone

31
Q

Intrinsic tyrosine kinase

A

Insulin, IGF-1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

Ras-Raf-MAPKK-MAP kinase pathway

32
Q

Receptor-associated tyrosine kinase

A

PIGG(L)ET
- Prolactin, Immunomodulators (cytokines, IL-2, IL-6, IFN), GH, G-CSF, Erythropoietin, Thrombopoietin
(acidophils and cytokines)
(JAK/STAT pathway)

33
Q

Increased SHBG in men

A

Gynecomastia

34
Q

Decreased SHBG in women

A

hirsutism

35
Q

Thyroid hormone effect on energy metabolism

A

Increased glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

36
Q

T3/T4 -ve fb

A

Decreases sensitivity of ant. pit. to TRH

37
Q

Wolff-Chaikoff effect

A

Temporarily inhibits thyroid peroxidase (decreases organification)

38
Q

Decreased TBG

A

Hepatic failure, steroids

39
Q

Increased TBG

A

Pregnancy or OCP use

40
Q

Propylthiouracil

A

Inhibits peroxidase and 5-deiodinase

41
Q

Methimazole

A

Inhibits peroxidase

42
Q

Peripheral T4-T3 conversion

A

5-deiodinase

43
Q

Prolactin inhibits…

A

GnRH

USMLE Step 1 (26 decks)

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