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USMLE Step 1 > Biostats/Epi. > Flashcards

Biostats/Epi. Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Cross-sectional study measures….

A

Disease prevalence

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2
Q

Case-control study measures…

A

Odds ratio (OR)

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3
Q

Cohort study measures….

A

Relative risk (RR)

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4
Q

Prevalence of diseases with short duration =

A

roughly the incidence rate

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5
Q

OR =

A

(A/C) / (B/D)

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6
Q

RR =

A

[a/(a+b)] / [c/(c+d)]

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7
Q

AR =

A

a/a+b - c/c+d

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8
Q

RRR =

A

1 - RR

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9
Q

ARR -

A

c/c+d - a/a+b

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10
Q

NNT =

A

1/ARR

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11
Q

NNH =

A

1/AR

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12
Q

Attributable risk % in the exposed =

A

100 x (RR-1)/RR

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13
Q

Increased precision…

A

Increased statistical power

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14
Q

berkson bias

A

study pop selected from hospital is less healthy than general pop

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15
Q

Pygmalion effect

A

Researchers belief in efficacy of Tx changes the outcome

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16
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

subjects change behavior when they know they are being observed (observer effect)

17
Q

SEM (standard error of the mean) =

A

SD/square root of n (SEM decreases w/ increased sample size

18
Q

Increased power by:

A

increasing sample size, expected effect size, precision of measurement

19
Q

For the 95% CI, Z = For the 99% CI, Z =

A

1.96 2.58

20
Q

CI =

A

mean +/- Z x SEM

21
Q

Sensitivity =

A

1 - false negative rate

22
Q

Specificity =

A

1 - false positive rate

23
Q

Errrors

A
24
Q

Coeffecient of determination

A

R2

25
Q

Medicare

A

Patients above 64

Under 65 with certain disabilites

Those with end-stage renal disease

26
Q

Medicaid

A

Joint federal and state program for people with very low income

27
Q

Medicare parts

A

A - hospital insurAnce

B - Basic medical Bils

C - (Parts A+B) delivered by approved private Companies

D - Prescription Drugs

USMLE Step 1 (26 decks)

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