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GI > Gi histology > Flashcards

Gi histology Flashcards

1
Q

The oral cavity, oropharynx and laryngopharynx is made up of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium that is usually non keratinized

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2
Q

The nasal cavity and nasopharynx is made up of

A

Respiratory epithelium normally

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3
Q

The tongue consists of 4 types of papillae

A

Circumvallate
Follate
Fungiform
Filiform

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4
Q

The anterior 2/3rds of the tongue consist of

A

Stratified squamous epithelium
thin on ventral surface
thick on dorsal surface - papillae

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5
Q

The posterior 1/3rd of the tongue consists

A

Smooth stratified squamous epithelium
few tastebuds
extensive lymphoid aggregate

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6
Q

The pharynx

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue
4 tonsils = palatine, lingual, tubal and pharyngeal
-

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7
Q

Layers of GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Adventitia/ Serosa

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8
Q

The mucosa is made up of

A

Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa

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9
Q

The submucosa

A

loose connective tissue

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10
Q

muscularis externa

A

inner layer of circular muscle

outer layer of longitudinal muscle

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11
Q

serosa/ adventitia

A

loose connective tissue

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12
Q

what transition occurs at the gastro-oesophageal junction

A

stratified squamous epithelium –> simple columnar epithelium

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13
Q

What are present in the mucous epithelial layer

A

gastric pits and at the bottom gastric glands

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14
Q

What are the three divisions of the gastric pit

A

isthmus
neck
fundus

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15
Q

The isthmus is predominantly made up of

A

parietal cells

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16
Q

The neck is predominantly made up of

A

mucous cells

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17
Q

The fundus is predominantly made u of

A

chief cells

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18
Q

role of parietal cells

A

secrete hydrochloric acid

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19
Q

role of chief cells

A

produce digestive enzymes

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20
Q

describe the differences in gastric pits in various parts of the stomach

A

cardia - short gastric pits
fundus - narrow gastric pits
pylorus - deep gastric pits

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21
Q

describe the differences in glands in various parts of the stomach

A

cardia - closely packed torturous
pylorus - long straight glands of low density
fundus - greatest density

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22
Q

what is special about the muscular layers of the stomach

A

contains an additional muscular layer which lies internally to the circular layer

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23
Q

Gastrodoudenal junction

A

thickened layer of inner circular muscle

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24
Q

3 parts of small intestine

A

Duodenum - 25cm
Jejunum - 2m
Ileum - 2.5m

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25
Q

What is special about the duodenum

A

Contains Burners glands

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26
Q

What does the jejunum mainly consist of

A

Enterocyes

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27
Q

What is special about the ileum

A

Peyer’s Patches

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28
Q

What are Burner’s Glands

A

glands in submucosa

produce an alkaline solution in response to chyme

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29
Q

What are Enterocytes

A

Columnar cells with a brush border

Responsible for absorption

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30
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Aggregates of lymphoid tissue

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31
Q

What cells does the small intestine contains

A

Enterocytes
Goblet cells
Paneth cells
Enteroendocrine cells

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32
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do

A

Produce horomones - gastrin, CCK, VIP

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33
Q

Role of paneth cells

A

Defensive function at base of Liberkuhn

secrete lysosomes + defensins

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34
Q

The 2 main cells of the large intestine

A

Absorptive cells

Goblet cells

35
Q

What is notable about the large intestine histology

A

Long simple tubular glands which extend to the muscularis mucosae

36
Q

Describe the longitudinal muscle if the large intestine

A

3 muscular bands - teniae coli

37
Q

Describe the histology of the appendix

A

Continuation of the caecum
Has crypts and circular lymphoid tissue
lymphoid tissue decreases with age

38
Q

Rectoanal junction

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the anal canal with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium surrounding the skin

39
Q

What is the nervous system called specific to the GI tract

A

enteric nervous system

40
Q

How is the enteric nervous system stimulated

A

Partly by autonomic nervous system

Also has ability to stimulate itself

41
Q

Name the plexuses involved in the enteric nervous system

A

Submucosa

Myenteric plexus

42
Q

What is the role of the submucosa plexus

A

Contributes to absorption

Regulates movement of muscularis mucosae

43
Q

Define a ganglion

A

Nerve cell body which exists outside the brain or spinal cord

44
Q

non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
anal canal

45
Q

simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands

A

stomach

46
Q

simple columnar epithelium with villi & tubular glands

A

small intestine

47
Q

simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands

A

large intestine

48
Q

what makes up the parenchyma and pancreas

A

glandular epithelium

49
Q

what is the liver covered by

A

collagenous connective tissue covered by a layer of mesothelial cells

50
Q

What is the liver divided into

A

segments/ lobules

51
Q

what does the portal triad consist of

A

portal vein
hepatic artery
bile duct

52
Q

What are bile ducts lined by

A

cholangiocytes

53
Q

Where is the central vein

A

In the centre of the liver lobule

54
Q

Describe the layout from the red blood cell outwards

A

Red blood cells which is fenestrated
layer of epithelium
space of Disse
hepatocytes

55
Q

Explain stellate cells

A

Found in space of Disse
Produce collagen
Store vit A

56
Q

Explain Kuppfer cells

A

Resident macrophages in the sinusoids

57
Q

When do stellate cells have the greatest role to play

A

Scarring = fibrosis

58
Q

What organ is responsible for producing bile

A

Liver

59
Q

Liver is formed by

A

Hepatocytes

60
Q

What are the functional cells of the liver

A

Cholangiocytes

61
Q

What type of cells modify bile

A

Cholangiocytes

62
Q

What is responsible for the pigmentation of bile

A

Bilirubin

63
Q

Where is bilirubin produced

A

Spleen from the breakdown of haem

64
Q

Explain how bile travels

A

Travels via bile caniculi to bile ducts to portal tracts

65
Q

What are bile caniculi

A

Tight junctions formed by adjacent hepatocytes

66
Q

What is bile

A

Alkaline solution formed by H2O, phospholipids, bilirubin and bile salts

67
Q

layers of gallbladder

A

simple columnar epithelium
lamina propria - loose CT, blood vessels and lymphatics
layer of smooth muscle
adventitia

68
Q

explain the relationship between bile and the gallbladder

A

Bile from the liver travels via hepatic duct and causes a back up in the common bile duct which leads to bile flowing up via the cystic duct and entering the gallbladder
Na and Cl flow through epithelial cells and water follows
Bile then drains via the lymphatics which are present in the lamina propria

69
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder is known as

A

Cholecystitis

70
Q

What stimulates the gallbladder

A

Nervous control - vagal

Release of hormone cholecystokinin via enteroendocrine cells

71
Q

What lines the gallbladder

A

Tall columnar epithelial cells with a brush border

72
Q

What makes the pancreas unique

A

It is both an endocrine and exocrine organ

73
Q

Outline the exocrine function

A

Produce a litre of digestive juices

74
Q

name the digestive juices of the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

proteases - breakdown proteins
lipases - breakdown lipids
nucleases - breakdown DNA/ RNA

75
Q

What cell is responsible for the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

acinar cells

76
Q

Where do the digestive juices go

A

Via pancreatic duct to the 2nd part of the duodenum

77
Q

What is the role of enteropeptidases

A

converts inactive proenzymes (zymogens) into their active form

78
Q

Why are exocrine cells basophilic and stain easily

A

high amounts of RER

79
Q

the endocrine pancreas is made up of

A

Islets of Langerhans

80
Q

What is the role of the islets of langherhans

A

produce hormones

81
Q

what makes up the islet of langerhans

A

alpha cells
beta cells
delta cells

82
Q

alpha cells are responsible for

A

secreting glucagon

83
Q

beta cells are responsible for

A

secreting insulin

84
Q

gamma cells are responsible for

A

secreting somatostatin

GI (25 decks)

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