GI, Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic

Question 1

“G cells” within the stomach produce what hormone in response to ingestion of food, gastric distention, and high-protein foods?

Answer 1

Gastrin

Question 2

Gastrin results in the production of

Answer 2

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
To aid in liquefying food

Question 3

What other factors stimulate gastric secretion and HCl release?

Answer 3

Increases in acetylcholine and histamine

Question 4

What is the main driving force for gastric HCl acid production?

Answer 4

The hydrogen-potassium (H+/K+) ATPase pump

Question 5

What type of medications can target and block the H+/K+ ATPase pump?

Answer 5

Proton pump inhibitors (PPI)

Question 6

“I cells” produce what hormone in the small intestine in response to ingestion of high-fat meals and results in gall bladder contraction and pancreatic secretions?

Answer 6

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 7

“S cells” produce what hormone in the small intestine in response to increased levels of hydrochloric acid in the duodenum and results in release of bicarbonate and water to dilute and alkaline the duodenum as necessary?

Answer 7

Secretin

Question 8

What hormone is produced in the small intestine and responsible for Gi motility?

Answer 8

Motilin

Question 9

What promotes gastric emptying?

Answer 9

Gastric distention and Gastrin release

Question 10

What inhibits gastric emptying?

Answer 10

Duodenum distension, duodenal irritation, increased acidity in the duodenum, or increases in cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 11

NSAIDs block production of

Answer 11

Prostaglandins

Question 12

The epithelial cells within the gastric mucosal barrier contain a significant number of

Answer 12

Hydrophobic phospholipids that repel gastric acid
Protects stomach from autodigestion by gastric acid

Question 13

Gastric epithelial cells are high in intracellular ________ that neutralizes acid

Answer 13

Bicarbonate

Question 14

The effect of prostaglandin blockade is decreased ability of the body to withstand acidic stomach contents, resulting in

Answer 14

Gastritis and potentially GI ulcers

Question 15

Small intestine consists of

Answer 15

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

Question 16

The intestinal tract is influenced by both nervous systems

Answer 16

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

Question 17

Enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of 2 types of plexus

Answer 17

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

Question 18

Myenteric plexus responsible for

Answer 18

Propulsive intestinal movement

Question 19

Submucosal plexus responsible for

Answer 19

Intestinal secretions and regulation of regional blood flow

Question 20

Enteric neurons utilize numerous neurotransmitters

Answer 20

Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Substance P
Cholecystokinin
ATP
Somatostatin (vascoactive intestinal polypeptide)
Enkephalins

Question 21

The enteric nervous system (ENS) continually communicates with

Answer 21

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 22

Hormones that enhance intestinal peristalsis include

Answer 22

Motilin, acetylcholine, serotonin, insulin, cholecystokinin, and Gastrin

Question 23

Hormones that inhibit intestinal peristalsis

Answer 23

Norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, and secretin

Question 24

Blood flow to the GI tract originates from the

Answer 24

Aorta via the celiac, cranial mesenteric, and caudal mesenteric arteries

Question 25

The contributions of the pancreas and hepatobiliary system mediate the breakdown of ____, ____, and ____ in the ________.

Answer 25

Fats, proteins, and carbohydrates
Duodenum

Question 26

The hepatobiliary system is made up of

Answer 26

Gall bladder
6 Liver lobes : left medial and lateral, quadrate, right medial and lateral, and caudate

Question 27

What causes the release of cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 27

Eating»CCK release»causes gall bladder contraction

Question 28

The hepatobiliary system contributes ____ which contains ____ ____ that emulsify fat and aid in the digestion of fat-soluble vitamins (vit k)

Answer 28

Bile
Bile salts

Question 29

Bile flows from the gall bladder to the

Answer 29

Cystic duct»common bile duct»duodenum

Question 30

Pancreas is a small gland that lies adjacent to the _____ and possesses both _____ and _____ tissue.

Answer 30

Duodenum
Exocrine and endocrine tissue

Question 31

The exocrine function of the pancreas promotes release of enzymes, including

Answer 31

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin - break down protein
Amylase - break down carbs
Lipase - break down fat

Question 32

Functional units of the pancreas

Answer 32

Islets of Langerhans

Question 33

Islets of Langerhans give the pancreas ______ functions

Answer 33

Endocrine

Question 34

Endocrine functions of the pancreas include

Answer 34

Release of hormones that help maintain normoglycemia (insulin)

Question 35

Which hormones act as stimuli for exocrine pancreatic function

Answer 35

Acetylcholine
Cholecystokinin
Secretin

Question 36

The pancreas is also crucial in the secretion of _______ to help neutralize gastric hydrochloric acid

Answer 36

Bicarbonate

Question 37

Where does nutrient absorption largely occur?

Answer 37

Small intestine

Question 38

Where does fluid absorption mostly take place?
Via?

Answer 38

Large intestine
Via osmosis

Question 39

Where is the vomiting center located?

Answer 39

The medulla of the brain

Question 40

What is CRTZ?

Answer 40

Chemoreceptor trigger zone

Question 41

The CRTZ is a common initiator of the vomiting reflex following stimulation by

Answer 41

Drugs and toxins
Uremia, ketonemia, endotoxins, and bilirubin

Question 42

What receptors are present in the vomiting center?

Answer 42

Serotonin
Alpha-2 adrenergic

Question 43

What CRTZ receptors are involved in the stimulation of vomiting and can be targeted with drug therapy to prevent vomiting?

Answer 43

Dopamine
Serotonin (5-HT3)
Histamine (H1)
Muscarine (M1)
Neurokinin (NK1)
Enkephalin
Alpha 2 adrenergic

Question 44

What percent of GDV’s reoccur without a gastropexy?

Answer 44

80%