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BW VTS ECC STUDY DECK > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What are functions of the endocrine system

A

Regulation of Na and water
Regulate Ca/P
Regulate energy balance
Hemodynamic response to stress
Reproduction/growth

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2
Q

What is a hormone

A

Chemical messenger secreted into circulation that acts on a distant site

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3
Q

The hypothalamus is essential in maintaining

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary

A

Posterior - neuropeptides
Anterior - neuroendocrine control

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5
Q

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary

A

ADH, oxytocin

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6
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin

A

Myometrial contraction
Milk let down

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7
Q

What are the effects of ADH

A

Increased water absorption; vasoconstriction

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8
Q

What is the stimulus for ADH release

A

Increased osmolality
Decreased circulating volume

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9
Q

What hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary

A

FSH, LH (repro)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH
Growth hormone
Prolactin

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10
Q

What controls PTH release

A

Calcium
Phos
Mag
Vitamin D

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11
Q

What are the effects of PTH

A

Ca reabsorption
Phos excretion

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12
Q

What are the forms of Ca in the body

A

Ionized
Bone
Protein bound

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13
Q

What are the effects of vitamin D

A

Calcium and phosphorus reabsorption

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14
Q

What is released from the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

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15
Q

What is released from the adrenal medulla

A

Catecholamines

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16
Q

Describe the production of catecholamines

A

Tyrosine > dopa > dopamine > norepi > epi

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17
Q

List alpha effects

A

Vasoconstriction
Iris dilation
Intestinal relaxation
Bronchoconstriction
Bladder spinchter contraction
Decreased insulin

18
Q

List beta effects

A

Vasodilation
Increased inotropy
Bladder relaxation
Bronchodilation

19
Q

What are the pancreatic hormones

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide

20
Q

Decreased insulin release

A

Beta cells respond to changes in glucose
Glucose enters the cell
results in insulin release

21
Q

What is the principle stimulus for insulin release

A

Glucose

22
Q

What other factors increase insulin release

A

Amino acids
Hormones
Neurotransmitters

23
Q

What is the role of glucagon and where is it released from

A

From alpha cells
Increased glucose
Increased gluconeogenesis
Increased glycogenolysis

24
Q

What is DKA

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

25
Q

Where are ketones synthesized from

A

Fat

26
Q

Describe pathophysiology of DKA

A

Absolute insulin deficiency
Inadequate cellular glucose
Mobilization of fat
Fatty acids are metabolized to ketones via beta oxidation

27
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies

A

Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

28
Q

What concurrent diseases are common with DKA

A

UTI
Pancreatitis
Cushing’s
Hepatic lipidosis
Neoplasia

29
Q

What are signs of DKA

A

PU/PD
Weight loss
Vomiting

30
Q

What electrolytes are of concerns with DKA

A

Potassium, Phos, Na

31
Q

How do we treat DKA

A

Fluids
Electrolytes
insulin

32
Q

Define HHS

A

Glucose > 600
Absent ketones
osmolality > 350
Neurologic signs

33
Q

What are the counterregulatory hormones to insulin

A

Glucagon
Catecholamines
Cortisol
Growth hormone

34
Q

What does this severe degree of hyperglycemia occur

A

Decreased GFR

35
Q

At that rate can Na be changed

A

< 0.5 meq/hr

36
Q

What are causes of hypoglycemia

A

Excess insulin
Insulinoma
Excess glucose use (sepsis)
Decreased production (liver disease)

37
Q

There are 4 cell types in the endocrine pancreas which regulate ______ production and utilization

A

Glucose

38
Q

The 4 cell types of the endocrine pancreas include :

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells

39
Q

Alpha cells secrete

A

Glucagon

40
Q

Beta cells secrete

A

Insulin

41
Q

Delta cells secrete

A

Somatostatin

42
Q

F cells secrete

A

Pancreatic polypeptides

BW VTS ECC STUDY DECK (11 decks)

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