Endocrine Flashcards
What are functions of the endocrine system
Regulation of Na and water
Regulate Ca/P
Regulate energy balance
Hemodynamic response to stress
Reproduction/growth
What is a hormone
Chemical messenger secreted into circulation that acts on a distant site
The hypothalamus is essential in maintaining
Homeostasis
How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary
Posterior - neuropeptides
Anterior - neuroendocrine control
What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary
ADH, oxytocin
What are the functions of oxytocin
Myometrial contraction
Milk let down
What are the effects of ADH
Increased water absorption; vasoconstriction
What is the stimulus for ADH release
Increased osmolality
Decreased circulating volume
What hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary
FSH, LH (repro)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH
Growth hormone
Prolactin
What controls PTH release
Calcium
Phos
Mag
Vitamin D
What are the effects of PTH
Ca reabsorption
Phos excretion
What are the forms of Ca in the body
Ionized
Bone
Protein bound
What are the effects of vitamin D
Calcium and phosphorus reabsorption
What is released from the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
What is released from the adrenal medulla
Catecholamines
Describe the production of catecholamines
Tyrosine > dopa > dopamine > norepi > epi
List alpha effects
Vasoconstriction
Iris dilation
Intestinal relaxation
Bronchoconstriction
Bladder spinchter contraction
Decreased insulin
List beta effects
Vasodilation
Increased inotropy
Bladder relaxation
Bronchodilation
What are the pancreatic hormones
Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide
Decreased insulin release
Beta cells respond to changes in glucose
Glucose enters the cell
results in insulin release
What is the principle stimulus for insulin release
Glucose
What other factors increase insulin release
Amino acids
Hormones
Neurotransmitters
What is the role of glucagon and where is it released from
From alpha cells
Increased glucose
Increased gluconeogenesis
Increased glycogenolysis
What is DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Where are ketones synthesized from
Fat
Describe pathophysiology of DKA
Absolute insulin deficiency
Inadequate cellular glucose
Mobilization of fat
Fatty acids are metabolized to ketones via beta oxidation
What are the 3 ketone bodies
Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybutyrate
Acetone
What concurrent diseases are common with DKA
UTI
Pancreatitis
Cushing’s
Hepatic lipidosis
Neoplasia
What are signs of DKA
PU/PD
Weight loss
Vomiting
What electrolytes are of concerns with DKA
Potassium, Phos, Na
How do we treat DKA
Fluids
Electrolytes
insulin
Define HHS
Glucose > 600
Absent ketones
osmolality > 350
Neurologic signs
What are the counterregulatory hormones to insulin
Glucagon
Catecholamines
Cortisol
Growth hormone
What does this severe degree of hyperglycemia occur
Decreased GFR
At that rate can Na be changed
< 0.5 meq/hr
What are causes of hypoglycemia
Excess insulin
Insulinoma
Excess glucose use (sepsis)
Decreased production (liver disease)
There are 4 cell types in the endocrine pancreas which regulate ______ production and utilization
Glucose
The 4 cell types of the endocrine pancreas include :
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
F cells
Alpha cells secrete
Glucagon
Beta cells secrete
Insulin
Delta cells secrete
Somatostatin
F cells secrete
Pancreatic polypeptides
