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Advanced EMT > GI & GU Emergencies > Flashcards

GI & GU Emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

Solid organs in abdominal cavity.

A

liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, and ovaries

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2
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

A

kidneys, ovaries, and pancreas

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3
Q

An injury to a _____ organ can cause shock and bleeding due to the amount of blood vessels contained in the organs.

A

solid

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4
Q

Main function of GI system is :

A

absorb and digest products to fuel cells.

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5
Q

Portal viein

A

Transports venous blood from GI tract to liver for processing of nutrients that have been absorbed.

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6
Q

What happens if blood flow through the liver slows?

A

The blood may back up throughout the GI system. Veins surrounding the stomach and esophagus dilate. Low pressure can cause leaking or rupture.

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7
Q

Two main functions of urinary system:

A

Keeps track of electrolytes, water content, and acids in blood.
Removes metabolic wastes, drug metabolites, and excess fluids.

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8
Q

Causes of peritonitis

A

Infection
Penetrating abd wound
Severe blunt injury
Many diseases

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9
Q

Major clinical signs of peritonitis

A

Abd tenderness and distention

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10
Q

Visceral peritoneum is only stimulated when :

A

distention or contraction of hollow abd organs active stretch receptors.

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11
Q

Parietal peritoneum can perceive the same sensations as skin because

A

its supply be the same nerves from the spinal cord that supply the skin overlying the abdomen.

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12
Q

What part of the nervous system supplies the visceral peritoneum?

A

Autonomic

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13
Q

Visceral pain

A

Occurs when receptors in hollow structures are stimulated.

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14
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain felt in an area of the body other than the area where the cause of pain is located.

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15
Q

Why is the source of visceral pain difficult to pinpoint?

A

Only a few nerve fibers may be involved in pain transmission.

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16
Q

Peritonitis typically causes ___.

A

Ileus - paralysis of muscular contractions.

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17
Q

Location of pain with appendicitis.

A

Direct: RLQ
Referred: navel
Palpation: rebound tenderness

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18
Q

Location of pain with cholecystitis.

A

Direct: RUQ
Referred: right shoulder

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19
Q

Location of pain with ulcer.

A

Upper mid-abd or upper back

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20
Q

Location of pain with diverticultitis.

A

LLQ

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21
Q

Location of pain with AAA.

A

Lower back

Lower quadrants

22
Q

Location of pain with cystitis.

A

Retropubic

23
Q

Location of pain with pylonephritis.

A

Costovertebral angle.

24
Q

Location of pain with kidney stone.

A

Flank

Referred: radiating to genitalia

25
Q

Location of pain with PID.

A

Lower quadrants

26
Q

Location of pain with pancreatitis.

A

Upper abd

Back

27
Q

Location of pain with pnuemonia.

A

Referred to upper abd

28
Q

Conditions that may cause or lead to urinary retention.

A 
Kidney stones
BPH
Urethral obstructions
UTI
Nerve damage
29
Q

Causes of acute abdomen.

A 
GI hemorrhage
Esophagitis
GERD
Peptic ulcer disease
Mallory-Weiss tear
Esophageal varices
Hemorrhoids
30
Q

Acute abdomen

A

Sudden onset of abd pain that indicated irritation of peritoneum

31
Q

Causes of upper GI bleed.

A 
Esophagitis
Esophageal varices
Mallory-Weiss tear
Esophageal cancer
Cirrhosis, lover disease
GERD
Stomach ulcers
Stomach cancer
Gastritis
Duodenal ulcer (can cause lower)
Small intestine cancer (can cause lower)
IBS (can cause lower)
32
Q

Causes of lower GI bleed.

A 
Duodenal ulcer (can cause upper)
Small intestine cancer (can cause upper)
IBS (can cause upper)
Ulcerative colitis
Colorectal polyps
Colorectal cancer
Diverticular disease
Hemorrhoids
33
Q

s/s of upper GI bleed.

A

Melena

Hematemesis

34
Q

s/s of lower GI bleed.

A

Hematochezia

35
Q

Complications and adverse reactions of dialysis

A 
Hypotension
Muscle cramps
N/V
Hemorrhage, access site
Infection at access site
AMS
LOC
Air embolism
Electrolyte imbalance
Myocardial ischemia
36
Q

Why should you consider the possibility of cardiac dysrhythmias and ALS backup?

A

Dialysis changes the blood’s chemistry which can lead to an electrolyte imbalance.

37
Q

What are some s/s if patient’s missed their dialysis treatment?

A

Weakness, pulmonary edema or excess of electrolytes.

38
Q

How to manage a dialysis patient?

A 
ABCDEs
High-flow oxygen if indicated
Manage bleeding from access site
Position pt sitting upright in case of pulmonary edema. Supine if shock.
Transport promptly.
39
Q

How do you manage an air embolism in a dialysis patient?

A

Disconnect from dialysis machine
Supine
Transport immediately

40
Q

s/s of air embolism

A

sudden dyspnea
hypotension
cyanosis

41
Q

s/s disequilibrium syndrom

A

N/V
Headache
Confusion

42
Q

What is the origin, description, and cause of visceral discomfort?

A

Origin : hollow organs
Description : difficult to localize; described as burning, cramping, gnawing, or aching; usually superficially
Cause : organ contracts too forcefully or is distended

43
Q

What is the origin, description, and cause of parietal pain/rebound pain?

A

Origin : peritoneum
Description : steady, achy pain; easier to localize than visceral, increases with movement
Cause : inflammation of the peritoneum secondary to bleeding or infection

44
Q

What is the origin, description, and cause of somatic pain?

A

Origin : peripheral nerve tracts
Description : deep localized pain
Cause : irritation of or injury to tissue causing activation of peripheral nerve tracts

45
Q

What is the origin, description, and cause of referred abd pain?

A

Origin : peripheral nerve tracts
Description : pain originating in abd and causes perception of pain in distant locations; usually occurs after initial visceral, parietal, or somatic pain.
Cause : similar paths for the peripheral nerves of the abd and the distant location

46
Q

What are pertinent negative you should obtain in your SAMPLE for GI or GU?

A 
N/V
Changes in bowel habits
Urination
Weight loss
Belching or flatulence
Pain
Concurrent chest pain
LNMP if female childbearing age
Recent surgery or hospitalizations
Ingested any substance that could cause the sxs
47
Q

Where should you start when palpating the abd?

A

Opposite from the site of pain rotating clockwise.

48
Q

Medical care prior to transport for GI/GU

A
  1. Do not dx
  2. Clear and maintain airway
  3. Anticipate vomiting - recovery position or comfort
  4. Administer 100% oxygen and anticipate ventilation
  5. NPO
  6. Document all pertinent info.
  7. Establish IV
  8. Keep patient comfortable. Conserve body heat. Provide gentle transport and constant psychological support.
  9. Monitor vital signs.
49
Q

What fluids should be given for GI/GU emergencies?

A

Keep-vein-open rate
Signs of hypovolemia: 20-mL/kg bolus of isotonic crystalloid
UTI, kidney stone : bolus of fluid

50
Q

What GI/GU emergencies should be transported promptly?

A 
PID
Ectopic pregnancy
Aneurysm
Hernia
AKI
CKD

Advanced EMT (33 decks)

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