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ESA3 > GI Embryology > Flashcards

GI Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main artery that supplies the GI Tract?

A

Abdominal Aorta

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2
Q

What are the branches of the Abdominal Aorta and what parts do they supply?

A 
Celiac Trunk (Foregut)
Superior Mesenteric (Midgut)
Inferior Mesenteric (Hindgut)
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3
Q

Which Vein drains the fore-gut?

A

The Portal Vein

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4
Q

What is the primitive gut tube made from?

A

Enfolding of the Endoderm

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5
Q

Where is there a mixed blood supply?

A

Between the areas of foregut and midgut

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6
Q

Where is the boundary less defined?

A

Between mid and hindgut

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7
Q

How is the intraembryonic coelum divided?

A

By the future diaphragm into thoracic and abdominal cavities

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8
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelum connect with?

A

The extra-/yolk sac

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9
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum
Made up of condensation of splanchnic mesoderm
They suspend the gut tube from the posterior abdominal wall
Allow a passage for VAN supply
Allow mobility where needed
Divide the sac into greater and lesser

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10
Q

What does the ventral mesentery attach to?

A

Just the foregut

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11
Q

What does the stomach rotation do?

A

The mesenteries -> Greater and Lesser omenta and

They form the greater and lesser sacs

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12
Q

What is the lesser sac?

A

It is a closed pouch/recess of the abdomen, formed by the mesenteries
It has one opening- the epiploic foramen

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13
Q

What does the lesser omentum attach to?

A

The liver and proximal duodenum (connection is the foramen) and the lesser curve of the stomach

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14
Q

What does the greater omentum attach to?

A

Greater curve of the stomach
Proximal duodenum
Transverse Colon runs through
Transverse colon attaches to ventral wall by the transverse mesocolon (mesentery)

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15
Q

How does the stomach form?

A

It is a fusiform dilation of the foregut
It enlargens, the left side faster than the right
There is 90 degree rotation so the right side faces posteriorly

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16
Q

How does the oesophagus form?

A

It is the narrowest part of the foregut, it lengthens and proliferates rapidly.
There is then formation of a respiratory diverticulum which seperated the trachea and oesophagus (tracheoesophageal septum)

This causes the lumen to be o

17
Q

Why can Atresia of the Oesophagus occur?

A

Whilst it lenthens, it proliferates rapidly and can obliterate the lumen, so needs recanalisation otherwise atresia and stenosis can occur

18
Q

Where are foregut glands formed?

A

Liver is formed in the ventral mesentery (and Biliary System, Part of Pancreas*)
Spleen is formed in the dorsal mesentery (And Most of Pancreas

*They fuse with stomach rotation

19
Q

How does the liver grow?

A

Develops from the hepatic bud
Earliest GI gland to develop

Grows rapidly and takes up space in the abdomen

Grows and gets rid of top part of peritoneum (to get bare area), joins with lesser omentum to duodenum and stomach

Ventral mesentery also forms the falciform ligament of the liver

20
Q

How does the duodenum develop?

A

It is from mid and hindgut
Grows rapidly, needs recanalisation
Rotation of stomach put it it to the right and posteriorly (2ndary retroperitoneal)
Forms a C shaped loop

21
Q

Which week does the midgut start growing?

A

Week 6

22
Q

How does the midgut develop?

Overview..

A

It elongates rapidly to create the primary interstitial loop (it loops as not enough space in the intraembryonic coelum)
It herniates, rotates and returns to the cavity

23
Q

What are some features of the loop?

A

the superior mesenteric artery is the axis.
It has cranial and caudal limbs.
It has the vitilline duct which connects it to the yolk sac

24
Q

Describe the herniation

A

It is physiological.
The intestines herniate into the proximal part of the umbillical cord.
As it rotates anticlockwise the cranial limb becomes very convuluted to become the small intestine (to the proximal ileum)
The caudal create a caecal swelling, drops down to produce the asc. colon.
The midgut rotates 90 3 times, so the cranial limb returns first and moves left

25
Q

What are the 2 types of malrotation?

A

Incomplete - if midgut only rotates the first 90, produces the left sided colon

Reversed - The colon rotaes one 90 clockwise so the transverse colon passes posteriorly to the duodenum.
Leads to volvulus, strangulation and ischaemia
You can also get subhepatic coecum

26
Q

How can the yolk stalk persist?

A

Vitelline Cyst - Duct forms fibrous strands, can have volvulus

Viltelline Fistula - Direct communication, leads to leaking at umbillicus

Meckel’s Diverticulum - Most common, creates an outpouching, can have ectopic gastric/pancreatic tissue (enzymes can cause inflammation)

27
Q

Why can Atresia/Stenosis occur?

And Where?

A

As the lumen is obliterated in the small intestine, gallbladder and oesophagus due to rapid growth.
If recanalisation fails, it can occur

28
Q

What is Pyloric Stenosis?

A

Where there is hypertrophy of the circular muscle in the pyloric sphincter.

29
Q

What is Gastroschisis?

A

“Split Stomach”

The abdominal wall doesn’t close in folding, so the gut is outside the body cavity

30
Q

What is Omphalocoele?

A

Persistance of the physiological herniation, not covered in tissue

31
Q

What is the Hindgut?

A

The distal 3rd of the transverse colon up to the rectum

Includes epithelium of the bladder

32
Q

Describe the Anal Canal

A

Divided by the pectinate line, as histologically distinct.

33
Q

How does the epithelia differ by the pectinate line?

A

Above- Columnar

Below - Stratified Squamous

34
Q

What is the blood supply and innervation of the 2 parts of the anal canal?

A

Above- inferior mesenteric artery and S2-4 pelvic (parasympathetic, stretch)

Below- Pudental Artery
S2-4 Pudental Nerves (somatic, pain)

35
Q

How does the anal canal develop?

A

Division of the cloaca

Once the septum hits the membrane, it ruptures and disappears, as it is avascular. Creates a perineal body

36
Q

What are some abnormalities of the hindgut?

A

Imperforated anus
Agenesis
Hindgut fistulae

ESA3 (17 decks)

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