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GI Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 Emetic drugs

A

Apomorphine
Ropinirole
Dexmedetomidine/Xylazine
Hydrogen Peroxide

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2
Q

apomorphine
purpose
how does it work
side effects
how to administer

A

morphine derivative (schedule 2 controlled substance)
use to cause vomiting in dogs and ferrets
act on CRTZ and activated the vomiting center
IV/IM or in conjunctival sac
side effects: mild sedation

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3
Q

when are emetics contraindicated

A

coma/seizure
decreased pharyngeal reflexes
shock
dyspnea
if toxin is strong acid or alkali or caustic

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4
Q

Ropinirole
trade name
how is it administered
how does it work
specific contraindications
side effects

A

Clevor
ophthalmic
ropinirole is a dopamine agonist/stimulants dopamine receptors -> V
dogs only
avoid in patients with corneal ulcer, ocular irritation, ocular injury and avoid in pregnant/lactating dogs
side effects: mild-moderate hyperemia of eye, ocular discharge, blepharospasm, mild lethargy, increased HR

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5
Q

Hydrogen peroxide
how does it work
what species
side effects
contraindications

A

direct irritant effect on oropharynx and stomach lining
dogs, pigs and ferrets
side effects: aspiration, GI irritation
dont use in cats

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6
Q

Dexmedetomidine/Xylazine
which species
side effects

A

cats
side effects: sedation, can be reversed (this drug was used developed as a sedative and emesis is a side-effect)

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7
Q

What are the 4 anti-emetics

A

maropitant
ondanesetron
metoclopramide
dimenhydrinate/meclizine

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8
Q

Maropitant
trade name
uses
how does it work
what species
side effects
how to administer medication

A

Cerenia
prevention and tx of vomiting and motion sickness - some use for decreasing pain/inflammation
dogs and cats
blocks binding of substance P to NK-1 receptors in the CRTZ
administered SQ injection or PO tab
side effects (rare): diarrhea, bloody stool, anorexia, endotoxic shock, otitis

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9
Q

Ondansetron
how does it work
use
side effects
administered

A

serotonin antagonist/blocker
used for tx of vomiting by blocking vagal stimulation and the CRTZ
used extra label in all animals
administered IV PO
side effects: d and constipation

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10
Q

Metoclopramide
trade name
how does it work
side effects
contraindications

A

Reglan
central action: blocks dopamine receptors at the CRTZ
Peripheral action: increase gastric contraction and emptying; strengthens cardiac sphincter tone
used to tx V and decreased GI motility
side effects: constipation, rare CNS ad behavior disorders
contraindicated with GI obstruction

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11
Q

Dimenhydrinate/Meclizine
how does it work
what does it do
side effects
trade name

A

block histamine in the CRTZ
used to tx motion sickness or vestibular dz
side effects: mild sedation
dramamine, antivert

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12
Q

what are the classes for tx of diarrhea

A

Anticholinergics/Antispasmodics
narcotic
Protectants/Adsorbents
Antibiotics

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13
Q

what are the 2 drugs in the Narcotic anti-diarrheal drugs

A

Diphenoxylate (Lomotil) - schedule 5 controlled
Loperamide (Immodium) - OTC

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14
Q

Narcotic Anti-Diarrheal drugs
how does it work
used in what species, controversial to use in what species
side effects

A

these drugs increase segmental contractions, decrease intestinal secretions, and increase intestinal absorption
used in dog and calves
controversial to use in cats or horses - can cause CNS excitement
side effects: constipation, ileus, sedation

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15
Q

what is the trade name for Diphenoxylate and what is the purpose

A

Lomotil
narcotic anti-D drugs

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16
Q

what is the trade name for Loperamide and what is the purpose

A

Immodium
narcotic anti-diarrheal drugs

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17
Q

Protectants/Adsorbents
what does adsorbent do
what are the 3 drugs in this class

A

Adsorbent - allows substance to adhere to the surface of the GI tract, creates a coating that protects mucosa from future irritation, binds bacteria and toxins
Bismuth salicylate
Kaolin/pectin
Activated charcoal

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18
Q

bismuth salicylate
trade name
purpose

A

pepto bismol
bismuth -> coats, antibacterial
salicylate -> similar to aspirn, decrease inflammation and prostalgandins

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19
Q

Kaolin/pectin
trade name

A

Kaopectate
not as effective as pepto bismol

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20
Q

Activated Charcoal

A

used primarily for toxicity tx - creates a barrier to absorption

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21
Q

what are the 3 drugs in the protectants/adsorbent

A

Bismuth salicylate (pepto bismol)
Kaolin/Pectin (kaopectate)
Activated charcoal

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22
Q

what are the antibiotic to tx dysbiosis

A

metronidazole
tylosin
amoxicillin and clavamox if suspect G+

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23
Q

what is the most common antibiotic to tx dysbiosis
what does it do

A

metronidazole
anti-inflammatory effect in the colon - this will help decrease GI irritation and improve absorption
tx giardia
dont use in food animals
side effects: anorexia, hepatoxicity, neutropenia, V/D CNS

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24
Q

H2 Receptor Antagonists
what is the 1 drug in this class

A

famotidine (pepcid)

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25
H2 Receptor Antagonist how does it work
block H2 (histamine) receptors in stomach and decrease release of HCl which will decrease irritation of the eroded mucosa and promote healing
26
H2 blocker Famotidine why dont we use it for long time
can lose effectiveness over time, so should avoid prolonged use
27
how does Proton Pump (H+ pump) inhibitors work
an enzyme hydrogen ions into the stomach to create HCl, so these drugs bind to the enzyme pump and prevent secretion of new acid
28
Proton Pump hydrogen ion pump inhibitors what is it used to tx
gastric, duodenal ulcers, and esophagitis
29
what are the side effects of Proton Pump Hydrogen ion pump Inhibitors
constipation, sedation, ileus, pancreatitis
30
What are the 3 drugs in the Proton Pump Inhibitors (-prazole)
omeprazole (prilosec, gastrogard(equine)) lansoprazole (prevacid) pantoprazole (pantoloc)
31
Gastromucosal Protectant what is the drug in this class
Sucralfate
32
Gastromucosal Protectant what is it used to tx
tx oral, esophageal, gastric and duodenal ulcers
33
Gastromucosal Protectant how does drug work
disaccharide's that form a paste in the stomach, drug binds to surface of a gastric ulcer like a Band-Aid
34
For gastromucosal protectant we need to administer 30-60 minutes before which drug
H2 blocker (famotidine)
35
for gastromucosal protectant drugs we other meds do we need to give 2 hours before
cimetidine tetracycline fluoroquinolones digoxin
36
what is trade name for sucralfate what are the side effects of it
Carafate constipation
37
Prostaglandin E1 Analogue what is the med in this class
Misoprostol
38
Prostaglandin E1 Analogue how does this drug work
directly inhibits cells from secreting H+ into stomach increases production of mucus -> increased protection of lining increased production of bicarbonate to neutralize H+
39
what are Prostaglandin E1 Analogue used to tx
GI ulcers caused by use of NSAIDs
40
for Misoprostol we need to give 2 hours BEFORE or 2 hours AFTER _____
sucralfate
41
For Prostaglandin E1 Analogue what are the side effects
V/D flatulence abdominal pain
42
Prostaglandin E1 Analogue what are the contraindications
can cause uterine contractions do not give to pregnant animals wear gloves while pregnant if must handle drug
43
Antacids how do they work
deceasing HCl levels very alkaline
44
Antacids what are they used to tx
rumen acidosis
45
what are the 3 drugs in Antacids
-aluminum hydroxide and Magnesium hydroxide (Maalox) -Magnesium hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia) -calcium carbonate (tums)
46
do not administer antacids within 2 hours of other drugs (why)
will decrease absorption
47
what are contraindications of anatcids
do not use Mg containing products in animals with renal dz
48
what are side effects of Antacids
constipation (for Al or Ca products in monogastric animals) diarrhea (for Mg-containing products in monogastrics)
49
for Saline/hyperosmotic agents how do they work
contain magnesium or phosphate anions - are not well-absorbed by GI and pull water out of cells into the lumen of the intestine water softens stools and stimulates stretch receptors of the intestines that increase peristalsis and pushes stool out
50
what are saline/hyperosmotic agents used to tx
relieve constipation
51
what are the side effects of saline/hyperosmotic agents
rare, cramping/nausea, soft stool or diarrhea
52
what are the 3 drugs in saline/hyperosmotic agents
Lactulose (enulose) Magnesium hydroxide (magnalax - cattle. Carmilax - cattle) Polyethlene glycol (miralax)
53
Bulk producing agents what do they do
made of indigestible plant material (psyllium) absorb water and increase bulk of intestinal contents
54
what are bulk-producing agents used to tx
relief of constipation, relief of sand impaction in horses
55
what are the trade names for bulk-producing agents
Metamucil equine enteric colloid sand clear equi-phar sweet psyllium
56
Lubricants what are they used to tx
soften the fecal mass and make stool easier to move through colon tx constipation and fecal impaction sometimes used preventatively
57
surfactants/stool softeners what are they used for
decrease surface tension and allow water to penetrate contents and soften stool increase intestinal secretions tx of hard/dry feces in small animals, impaction in horses and digestive upset in cattle
58
how are surfactants/stool softeners administered as
enemas
59
why cannot we use OTC enemas
contain phosphate and can result in electrolyte disturbances and dehydration
60
Anticholinergic/antispasmodic colic drug what is the drug in this class
Buscopan
61
what is Buscopan used to tx
reduction of intestinal contraindications/anti-spasmotic for equine colic
62
what are side effects of Buscopan
transient tachycardia, hypertension, transient pupil dilation
63
Dopamine Antagonists what are the 2 drugs in this class
metoclopramide (reglan) domperidone (equidone)
64
how do Dopaminergic antagonists work
block dopamine receptors in GI tract and stimulate motility of cardiac sphincter, stomach and small intestine
65
what are Dopaminergic antagonists used to tx
gastroesophageal reflux, delayed stomach emptying, V stimulation of GI tract in goals GI motility disorders in dog, cat, rabbits
66
what are side effects of Dopaminergic Antagonists
sedation or excitement in horses, sometimes behavioral changes
67
what are contraindications of Dopaminergic Antagonists
if suspect a GI foreign body
68
Serotonergic Drug what is the drug in this class
Cisapride
69
What does Cisapride do
stimulate motility of GI tract, cardiac sphincter, stomach
70
what does cisapride used for
constipated animals, cats with megacolon, GI stasis in rabbits
71
what are side effects of Cisapride
diarrhea, abdominal pain
72
why is Cisapride only available as a compounded drug why
removed from human market due to adverse heart affects in humans
73
Why is Budesonide used for, what is it used for and what are side effects?
Treatment of IBD same side effects as pred but with increased incidence of UTI
74
what are other IBD tx
immunosuppressant drugs
75
Pancrealipase what is the trade name, what does it do
Viokase-V Pancreazyme digestive enzymes are used to aid in digestion of fats/protein/carbs
76
what are side effects of Pancrealipase
only with increased doses - cramping, nausea, V/D
77
Polozalene what are the trade names
Bloadgaurd therabloat
78
how does Poloxalene work
antifoaming agents act as surfactants to cause bubbles to pop so the gas can be relieved by eructation
79
Mirtazapine how does it work
blocks serotonin receptor and H1 receptor which will stimulate appetite mild antiemetic effect as well due to blocking receptors
80
Mirtazapine what are side effects
local tissue reaction, behavior changes, V/D, muscle twitching
81
Capromorelin what are the trade name
Entyce- dogs Elura- cats
82
how does Capromorelin work
hormone ghrelin stimulates hunger - this drug mimics ghrelin in the hypothalamus (ghrelin-receptor agonist)
83
what are side effects of capromorelin
D/V (especially at high doses) hypersalivation
84
what are contraindications of capromorelin
in animals with hepatic dz
85
what are the 4 drugs in Benzimadazoles
fenbendazole oxibendazole thiabendazole albendazole
86
what does benzimidazoles treat
ascarids stronglyes hookworms pinworms whipworms some tapeworms and flukes
87
What are the 2 drugs in tetrahydropyrimidines
pyrantal pamoate morantel tartrate
88
what does tetrahydropyrimidines tx
ascarids stronglyes hookworms pinworms
89
what are the two drugs in Imidazothiazoles
Febantel Levamisole
90
what are Imidazothiazoles used to tx
adult GI nematodes lungworms
91
what are side effects of tetrahydropyrimidines
sweating and incoordination in horses
92
what are adverse effects of imidazothiazoles
reacts with pyrantel and organophophates - salivation and tremors
93
what are the 3 types of macrolytic lactones
ivermectin selamectin moxidectin
94
what do macrolytic lactones tx
stronglyes, pinworms, ascardies, whipworms, threadworms, lungworms, mites, lice, HW, hookworms
95
what are the 2 anticestodals
Praziquantel Espirantel
96
what are the anticestodals used to tx
tapeworms and flukes
97
what are the sulfadimethoxime used to tx
coccidia
98
what are fenbendazole used to tx
Panacur giardia

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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