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Anti-Infective Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

For Penicillin’s what is this commonly used for and what is the common suffix

A

first-line antibiotics
-cillin suffix

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2
Q

Penicillin
how does it effect bacteria?
what type of bacteria is it effect against?

A

bactericidal - death
effective against many G+ (fewer G-)

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3
Q

Penicillin
which species cannot receive this antibiotic

A

rabbits and rodents - will kill GI bacteria which will kill them

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4
Q

Penicillin
is it excreted, is there metabolism?

A

excreted by kidney without metabolism
increased concentration in urinary tract

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5
Q

Penicillin
Amoxicillin
why? side effects?

A

useful in wide range of infections with G+ bacteria
high or prolonged doses can lead to neurotoxicity and increased liver enzymes

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6
Q

Penicillin
Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid
trade name?
why

A

clavamox
useful in a wide range of infections- urinary tract, skin, dental, soft tissue, hepatobiliary

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7
Q

what does Potentiated mean for antibiotics, especially Penicillin

A

strengthened - able to be effective against bacteria with beta-lactamase enzymes that are resistant to amoxicillin alone

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8
Q

Penicillin
Ampicillin
why?
specific which way do we give this drug?
misc info

A

infections with G+ and G- bacteria
administered as injection, usually IV dose given slowly
powder mixed with sterile saline to reconstitute stable for 3 months in fridge

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9
Q

Penicillin
Ampicillin+sulbactam
why
what is it like
side effects

A

infections with G+ or G- bacteria, potentiated antibiotic used for more resistant infections
like injectable clavamox
side effects: IM inj painful - need to give IV slow

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10
Q

Penicillin
Cloxacillin
trade name
why

A

Dry-Clox, Masticlox
intramammary infusions in dry and lactating dairy cattle

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11
Q

Penicillin
Penicillin G
why
which way to administer only
which species primary

A

drug of choice for many G+ infections especially in large animals
IM injection only

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12
Q

Cephalosporins
how does it effect bacteria
how is it excreted and what does that mean its good for
what are the classes

A

bactericidal - death
excreted by glomerular filtrations - good for renal and UTI
classes:
1st gen: gram + coverage
3rd gen: primarily Gram - coverage, minimal gram +

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13
Q

Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
what generation?
why
which form of administration
side effects

A

1st gen
skin infection, soft tissue infections, surgical prophylaxin (especially orthopedic)
administered IV or SQ injection
fever, pain at infection site

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14
Q

Cephalosporins
Cephalexin
what generation
why
misc info
side effects

A

skin staph infections, soft tissue infections
not FDA approved in dogs and cat, used frequently off label (horses, rabbits, ferrets, birds)
side effects: salvation, tachypnea, excitability in dog (rare), V/fever in cats

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15
Q

Cephalosporins
Ceftiofur
trade name
what generation
why
which way administered
side effects

A

Naxcel, Excede
3rd gen
large animal respiratory infections and mastitis
injectable IM, SQ
side effects: local irritation, myelosuppression, anemia

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16
Q

Cephalosporins
Cefovecin
trade name
what gen
administration
side effects

A

Convenia
3rd gen
skin infection, wounds, abcessed in dogs and cats
Injectable SQ only - last 14 days
side effects: local irriation, otherwise well tolerated

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17
Q

Cephalosporins
Cefpodoxime
trade name
which gen
why
side effects

A

Simplicef
3rd gen
skin infections, soft tissue infections in dogs
allergy, neutropenia at high doses, GI signs

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18
Q

Tetracycline
how do they affect bacteria
effective against what
what other properties does it have

A

G+
lyme disesase, lepto, tick borne disease, mycoplasma, chlamydia
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects - suppress antibody production and immunomodulating effects

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19
Q

Tetracycline
Doxycycline
why
side effects

A

infection of lyme, lepto, mycoplasma, Bordetella, cat scratch, chlamydia and tick borne disease
GI upset, avoid dairy, give cats suspension or they are at risk for esophageal stricture

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20
Q

tetracyclines
tetracycline
why
contraindications

A

not used often
dont give IV to horses, gives them fatal diarrhea
food milk and antacids can decrease absorption
cannot use in renal insufficiency P

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21
Q

Tetracyclines
Chlortetracycline
trade name
why
side effects

A

Aureomycin
primary use in large animal medicine
eye infections, bacterial pneumonia, bacterial enteritis, liver abscess in large animal
side effects- high doses will lead to increased kidney values, hepatoxicity, decreased rumen flora

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22
Q

Sulfonamides
how does it effect bacteria
what are uniqe side effects

A

Bacteriostatic when used alone - often other antibiotics are added which increases efficacy and become bactericidal
side effects: cyrstalluria, KCS, bone marrow depression

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23
Q

Sulfonamides
Sulfadimethoxine
trade name
why

A

Albon
respiratory, genitourinary, GI, soft tissue in dog and cats, coccidia, commonly used in large animals

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24
Q

Sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim
why
side effects

A

dogs and horses - prostate infection and MRSA also useful in exotics
side effects - KCS, allergy, hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, anemia, leukopenia

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25
Fluoroquinolones how does it effect bacteria effective against often ___ antibiotics reserved for what kind of infections
bactericidal effective against G- rods and cocci bacterial resistance is a concern - often second line antibiotics distributed throughout the body reserved for difficult or resistant infections
26
Fluoroquinolones side effects
enrofloxacin can cause blindness - dont use in cats causes lesions in developing joint cartilage - dont use in puppies/kittens avoid in animals prone to seizures, may increase risk
27
Fluroquinolones misc info about large animal and what causes decrease absorption
ban exists on extra label use in food producing animals dont give with antacids or sucralfate - decrease absorption
28
Fluoroquinolones enrofloxacin trade name why side effects
Baytril G- bacteria, use in exotic animal med use with caution in animals with renal/hepatic insufficiency or dehydration, CNS stimulation
29
Fluoroquinolones Orbifloxacin trade name why approved in what species
Orbax G- bacteria dogs and cats
30
Fluoroquinolones Marbofloxacin trade name why approved in what species
Zenequin G- bacteria approved in dogs and cats
31
Fluoroquinolones Pradofloxacin trade name why approved in what species side effects
Veraflox G- bacteria approved in cats only! diarrhea, leukocytosis, neutrophilia
32
Fluroquinolones Ciproflaxacin why side effects
used extra label last-choice since other products are approved whereas this one is not Pseudomonas use with caution in animals with renal/hepatic insufficiency
33
Aminoglycosides how does it effect the bacteria how is it given commonly uses side effects
bactericidal - target G- aerobic bacteria given topically, IV, IM - commonly used for ear and eye infections, in large animals IV or IM ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
34
Aminoglycosides Amikacin why cannot use in what species
Gram - infections cannot use in food animals
35
Aminoglycosides Neomycin why
gram - bacterial infections what are systemic
36
Aminoglycosides Gentamicin why
gram- infections systemic
37
Aminoglycosides Spectinomycin why how does it effect bacteria which species
primarily used in food animals treats scours and respiratory infections gram+ and gram-
38
Aminoglycosides Tobramycin why side effects
primary used for Opthalmic infections, although systemic products are available for resistant bacteria gram- dermatologic effect, myopathy
39
Penicillin what are the 6 drugs in this class
Amoxicillin Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid Ampicillin Ampicillin-sulbactam Cloxacillin Penicillin G
40
Cephalosporins what are the 2 drugs in the 1st gen what are the 3 drugs in the 3rd gen
1st gen: cephalexin cefazolin 3rd gen: ceftiofur cefovecin cefpodoxime
41
Tetracyclines what are the 4 drugs in this class
doxycycline tetracycline chlortetracycline minocycline
42
Sulfonamides what are the 2 drugs in this class
Sulfadimethoxine Sulfamthoxazole-Trimethoprim
43
Fluoroquinolones what are the 5 drugs in this class
enrofloxacin orbifloxacin marbofloxacin pradofloxacin ciprofloxacin
44
Aminoglycosides what are the 5 drugs in this class remember ANGST
Amikacin Neomycin gentamicin streptomycin tobramycin
45
Macrolides what are the 5 drugs in this class remember EATTT
Erythromycin Azithromycin Tulathromycin Tylosin Tilmicosin
46
Macrolides how does if effect bacteria what does it target how is it excreted
Bacteriostatic Target G+ aerobes Excreted in bile
47
Macrolides Erythromycin why side effects contraindications
treatment of bacterial infections in swine, sheep, cattle, horses, cats and dogs V/D avoid use in adult horses
48
Macrolides Azithromycin why
treatment of bacterial infections, especially Bordetella in cats and dogs
49
Macrolides Tulathromycin Trade name why admin
Draxxin non-lactating dairy cattle for treatment of URI, foot rot, pinkeye in cattle SQ IM inj
50
Macrolides Tylosin trade name why admin
Tylan dogs and cat for chronic colitis, has anti-inflammatory properties in intestine used in cattle and swine for treatment of susceptible infections SQ, IM PO granules
51
Macrolides Tilmicosin why side effects contraindications
bovine/ovine respiratory disease IM tissue irritation, SQ edema potentially lethal to humans if injected due to cardiotoxicity dont use in rabbits, horses, rodents
52
Lincosamides what are the 2 drugs
Lincomycin Clindamycin
53
Lincosamides how does it effect bacteria what is it effective for contraindications
broad-spectrum antibiotics including toxoplasma dont use in horses, rodents, ruminants, rabbits
54
Lincosamides Lincomycin trade name why
Lincocin FDA approved for dogs and cats (not used much) swine and chickens clostridium, strep and staph, mycoplasma, toxoplasma
55
Lincosamides Clindamycin why species side effects
approved in dogs and cat wounds, abscesses, osteomyelitis and dental infections, toxoplasma use suspension in cats due to esophageal stricture
56
what are the 3 drugs that are misc antibiotics
Metronidazole Chloramphenicol Florfenicol
57
Metronidazole why side effects contraindications
anaerobic bacteria, giardia, dysbiosis neurologic disorders (at high doses) lethargy weakness neutropenia hepatotoxicity use caution in horses to avoid overgrowth of clostridium
58
Chloramphenicol why species used side effects
anaerobic bacteria rabbits, rodents and other exotics aplastic anemia in humans - caution when humans handle
59
Florfenicol trade name why admin side effects
Nuflor, Norfenicol bovine respiratory disease IM injection only anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea
60
Carbapenems what are the two drugs in this class
Imipenem Meropenem
61
carbapenems what does it do to bacteria what does it treat
these are the BIG GUNS bactericidal gram- especially resistant infections
62
Carbapenems Imipenem and Meropenem why admin side effects
equine and small animal medicine to treat serious and resistant infections IV and IM admin only GI side effects, CNS toxicity, pruritus
63
what is it called if a bacteria is resistant to imipenem/meropenem
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacter (CRE)
64
Intraconazole trade name why side effects
Itrafungol dermatophytosis and systemic fungal infections in dogs cat and horse anorexia and hepatotoxicity
65
what is the drug of choice for blastomycosis
itraconazole
66
ketoconazole why side effects
systemic and dermatologic fungal/yeast infections in dogs GI upset, hepatoxicity- especially in cats - not recommended in cats
67
Fluconazole why side effects
systemic antifungal infections - blasto, histoplasmosis decreased appetite, V, D
68
Terbinafine trade why side effects avoid in what species
Osurnia and Claro systemic and topical tx of fungal infections GI upset, allergy, brief ocular infection in dogs avoid in cats - cause neurologic signs, miosis, anisocoria, internal ear disorders, and anorexia
69
Griseofulvin why side effects avoid in what species
dermatophytosis in dogs, horses avoid in cats - anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, depression, hepatotoxicity
70
Nystatin why trade side effects
oral and GI candida yeast infections in dogs, cats, birds Animax GI upset, allergy
71
Acyclovir why side effects
treating herpes infections in birds and cats and horses GI upset
72
Famciclovir why side effects
feline herpesvirus and elephant herpesvirus GI upset, anorexia
73
GS-441524 why how does FDA approach this drug side effects
feline infectious peritonitis not approved by FDA, but they promise to not prosecute vet or pharmacy for selling it kidney damage, bladder stone formation
74
Molnupiravir (EIDD-1931) why what human use side effects
tx of FIP was treated in humans with covid not extra label use in cats folded ears, broken whiskers, leukopenia
75
CPMA - canine parvovirus monoclonal antibodies why how it works
treat parvo passive artificial immunity
76
Interferon alpha why side effects
antiviral tx feline herpesvirus, leukemia and horses with chronic airway disease rare side effects
77
L-Lysine trade name why
Viralys was one thought to suppress feline herpesvirus infection in cats, but it does not and is not recommended anymore

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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