Anti-Infective Drugs Flashcards
For Penicillin’s what is this commonly used for and what is the common suffix
first-line antibiotics
-cillin suffix
Penicillin
how does it effect bacteria?
what type of bacteria is it effect against?
bactericidal - death
effective against many G+ (fewer G-)
Penicillin
which species cannot receive this antibiotic
rabbits and rodents - will kill GI bacteria which will kill them
Penicillin
is it excreted, is there metabolism?
excreted by kidney without metabolism
increased concentration in urinary tract
Penicillin
Amoxicillin
why? side effects?
useful in wide range of infections with G+ bacteria
high or prolonged doses can lead to neurotoxicity and increased liver enzymes
Penicillin
Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid
trade name?
why
clavamox
useful in a wide range of infections- urinary tract, skin, dental, soft tissue, hepatobiliary
what does Potentiated mean for antibiotics, especially Penicillin
strengthened - able to be effective against bacteria with beta-lactamase enzymes that are resistant to amoxicillin alone
Penicillin
Ampicillin
why?
specific which way do we give this drug?
misc info
infections with G+ and G- bacteria
administered as injection, usually IV dose given slowly
powder mixed with sterile saline to reconstitute stable for 3 months in fridge
Penicillin
Ampicillin+sulbactam
why
what is it like
side effects
infections with G+ or G- bacteria, potentiated antibiotic used for more resistant infections
like injectable clavamox
side effects: IM inj painful - need to give IV slow
Penicillin
Cloxacillin
trade name
why
Dry-Clox, Masticlox
intramammary infusions in dry and lactating dairy cattle
Penicillin
Penicillin G
why
which way to administer only
which species primary
drug of choice for many G+ infections especially in large animals
IM injection only
Cephalosporins
how does it effect bacteria
how is it excreted and what does that mean its good for
what are the classes
bactericidal - death
excreted by glomerular filtrations - good for renal and UTI
classes:
1st gen: gram + coverage
3rd gen: primarily Gram - coverage, minimal gram +
Cephalosporins
Cefazolin
what generation?
why
which form of administration
side effects
1st gen
skin infection, soft tissue infections, surgical prophylaxin (especially orthopedic)
administered IV or SQ injection
fever, pain at infection site
Cephalosporins
Cephalexin
what generation
why
misc info
side effects
skin staph infections, soft tissue infections
not FDA approved in dogs and cat, used frequently off label (horses, rabbits, ferrets, birds)
side effects: salvation, tachypnea, excitability in dog (rare), V/fever in cats
Cephalosporins
Ceftiofur
trade name
what generation
why
which way administered
side effects
Naxcel, Excede
3rd gen
large animal respiratory infections and mastitis
injectable IM, SQ
side effects: local irritation, myelosuppression, anemia
Cephalosporins
Cefovecin
trade name
what gen
administration
side effects
Convenia
3rd gen
skin infection, wounds, abcessed in dogs and cats
Injectable SQ only - last 14 days
side effects: local irriation, otherwise well tolerated
Cephalosporins
Cefpodoxime
trade name
which gen
why
side effects
Simplicef
3rd gen
skin infections, soft tissue infections in dogs
allergy, neutropenia at high doses, GI signs
Tetracycline
how do they affect bacteria
effective against what
what other properties does it have
G+
lyme disesase, lepto, tick borne disease, mycoplasma, chlamydia
anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating effects - suppress antibody production and immunomodulating effects
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
why
side effects
infection of lyme, lepto, mycoplasma, Bordetella, cat scratch, chlamydia and tick borne disease
GI upset, avoid dairy, give cats suspension or they are at risk for esophageal stricture
tetracyclines
tetracycline
why
contraindications
not used often
dont give IV to horses, gives them fatal diarrhea
food milk and antacids can decrease absorption
cannot use in renal insufficiency P
Tetracyclines
Chlortetracycline
trade name
why
side effects
Aureomycin
primary use in large animal medicine
eye infections, bacterial pneumonia, bacterial enteritis, liver abscess in large animal
side effects- high doses will lead to increased kidney values, hepatoxicity, decreased rumen flora
Sulfonamides
how does it effect bacteria
what are uniqe side effects
Bacteriostatic when used alone - often other antibiotics are added which increases efficacy and become bactericidal
side effects: cyrstalluria, KCS, bone marrow depression
Sulfonamides
Sulfadimethoxine
trade name
why
Albon
respiratory, genitourinary, GI, soft tissue in dog and cats, coccidia, commonly used in large animals
Sulfonamides
Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim
why
side effects
dogs and horses - prostate infection and MRSA also useful in exotics
side effects - KCS, allergy, hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, anemia, leukopenia
Fluoroquinolones
how does it effect bacteria
effective against
often ___ antibiotics
reserved for what kind of infections
bactericidal
effective against G- rods and cocci
bacterial resistance is a concern - often second line antibiotics
distributed throughout the body
reserved for difficult or resistant infections
Fluoroquinolones
side effects
enrofloxacin can cause blindness - dont use in cats
causes lesions in developing joint cartilage - dont use in puppies/kittens
avoid in animals prone to seizures, may increase risk
Fluroquinolones
misc info about large animal and what causes decrease absorption
ban exists on extra label use in food producing animals
dont give with antacids or sucralfate - decrease absorption
Fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin
trade name
why
side effects
Baytril
G- bacteria, use in exotic animal med
use with caution in animals with renal/hepatic insufficiency or dehydration, CNS stimulation
Fluoroquinolones
Orbifloxacin
trade name
why
approved in what species
Orbax
G- bacteria
dogs and cats
Fluoroquinolones
Marbofloxacin
trade name
why
approved in what species
Zenequin
G- bacteria
approved in dogs and cats
Fluoroquinolones
Pradofloxacin
trade name
why
approved in what species
side effects
Veraflox
G- bacteria
approved in cats only!
diarrhea, leukocytosis, neutrophilia
Fluroquinolones
Ciproflaxacin
why
side effects
used extra label
last-choice since other products are approved whereas this one is not
Pseudomonas
use with caution in animals with renal/hepatic insufficiency
Aminoglycosides
how does it effect the bacteria
how is it given
commonly uses
side effects
bactericidal - target G- aerobic bacteria
given topically, IV, IM - commonly used for ear and eye infections, in large animals IV or IM
ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
Aminoglycosides
Amikacin
why
cannot use in what species
Gram - infections
cannot use in food animals
Aminoglycosides
Neomycin
why
gram - bacterial infections what are systemic
Aminoglycosides
Gentamicin
why
gram- infections systemic
Aminoglycosides
Spectinomycin
why
how does it effect bacteria
which species
primarily used in food animals
treats scours and respiratory infections
gram+ and gram-
Aminoglycosides
Tobramycin
why
side effects
primary used for Opthalmic infections, although systemic products are available for resistant bacteria
gram-
dermatologic effect, myopathy
Penicillin
what are the 6 drugs in this class
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid
Ampicillin
Ampicillin-sulbactam
Cloxacillin
Penicillin G
Cephalosporins
what are the 2 drugs in the 1st gen
what are the 3 drugs in the 3rd gen
1st gen:
cephalexin
cefazolin
3rd gen:
ceftiofur
cefovecin
cefpodoxime
Tetracyclines
what are the 4 drugs in this class
doxycycline
tetracycline
chlortetracycline
minocycline
Sulfonamides
what are the 2 drugs in this class
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamthoxazole-Trimethoprim
Fluoroquinolones
what are the 5 drugs in this class
enrofloxacin
orbifloxacin
marbofloxacin
pradofloxacin
ciprofloxacin
Aminoglycosides
what are the 5 drugs in this class
remember ANGST
Amikacin
Neomycin
gentamicin
streptomycin
tobramycin
Macrolides
what are the 5 drugs in this class
remember EATTT
Erythromycin
Azithromycin
Tulathromycin
Tylosin
Tilmicosin
Macrolides
how does if effect bacteria
what does it target
how is it excreted
Bacteriostatic
Target G+ aerobes
Excreted in bile
Macrolides
Erythromycin
why
side effects
contraindications
treatment of bacterial infections in swine, sheep, cattle, horses, cats and dogs
V/D
avoid use in adult horses
Macrolides
Azithromycin
why
treatment of bacterial infections, especially Bordetella in cats and dogs
Macrolides
Tulathromycin
Trade name
why
admin
Draxxin
non-lactating dairy cattle for treatment of URI, foot rot, pinkeye in cattle
SQ IM inj
Macrolides
Tylosin
trade name
why
admin
Tylan
dogs and cat for chronic colitis, has anti-inflammatory properties in intestine
used in cattle and swine for treatment of susceptible infections
SQ, IM PO granules
Macrolides
Tilmicosin
why
side effects
contraindications
bovine/ovine respiratory disease
IM tissue irritation, SQ edema
potentially lethal to humans if injected due to cardiotoxicity
dont use in rabbits, horses, rodents
Lincosamides
what are the 2 drugs
Lincomycin
Clindamycin
Lincosamides
how does it effect bacteria
what is it effective for
contraindications
broad-spectrum antibiotics including toxoplasma
dont use in horses, rodents, ruminants, rabbits
Lincosamides
Lincomycin
trade name
why
Lincocin
FDA approved for dogs and cats (not used much) swine and chickens
clostridium, strep and staph, mycoplasma, toxoplasma
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
why
species
side effects
approved in dogs and cat
wounds, abscesses, osteomyelitis and dental infections, toxoplasma
use suspension in cats due to esophageal stricture
what are the 3 drugs that are misc antibiotics
Metronidazole
Chloramphenicol
Florfenicol
Metronidazole
why
side effects
contraindications
anaerobic bacteria, giardia, dysbiosis
neurologic disorders (at high doses) lethargy weakness neutropenia hepatotoxicity
use caution in horses to avoid overgrowth of clostridium
Chloramphenicol
why
species used
side effects
anaerobic bacteria
rabbits, rodents and other exotics
aplastic anemia in humans - caution when humans handle
Florfenicol
trade name
why
admin
side effects
Nuflor, Norfenicol
bovine respiratory disease
IM injection only
anorexia, decreased water intake, diarrhea
Carbapenems
what are the two drugs in this class
Imipenem
Meropenem
carbapenems
what does it do to bacteria
what does it treat
these are the BIG GUNS
bactericidal
gram-
especially resistant infections
Carbapenems
Imipenem and Meropenem
why
admin
side effects
equine and small animal medicine to treat serious and resistant infections
IV and IM admin only
GI side effects, CNS toxicity, pruritus
what is it called if a bacteria is resistant to imipenem/meropenem
Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacter (CRE)
