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TAP > GI development > Flashcards

GI development Flashcards

1
Q

What structures are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

Ascending and descending colon
Pancreas
Part of small intestine

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2
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Kidneys
IVC
Aorta
Urogeniter vessels

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3
Q

What folds the dorsal midline division between right and left halves of the body?

A

Dorsal mesentery

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4
Q

What develops cranially from the septum transversum?

A

Ventral mesentery and respiratory diaphragm

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5
Q

What determines what is foregut, midgut, or hindgut?

A

What artery supplies them?

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6
Q

What is the arterial supply of the foregut?

A

Celiac artery

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply of the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

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8
Q

What is the arterial supply of the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

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9
Q

What are the components of the foregut?

A 
Stomach
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
Duodenum (pts 1 and 2)
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10
Q

After stomach twisting, what is the final orientation of the vagus nerves?

A 
Right = posterior (RP)
Left = anterior (LA)
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11
Q

What are other names for the lesser sac?

A

Lesser peritoneal sac
Omental bursa
Omental sac

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12
Q

What is the lesser omentum a remnant of?

A

Ventral mesentery

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13
Q

What forms the omental bursa (which fuses to become the greater omentum)?

A

Overgrowth of the dorsal mesentery during development.

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14
Q

What are the functions of the greater omentum?

A

Able to adhere to adjacent structures

Innate immune function

High absorptive capacity

Angiogenic activity

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15
Q

What is the shape and what are the parts of the duodenum?

A

C shaped

First (superior)
Second (descending)
Third (horizontal)
Fourth (ascending)

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16
Q

Where do pancreatic ducts drain?

A

Into the duodenum

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17
Q

What resides in the hepatoduodenal ligament? What is clamping it to stop blood flow called?

A

Portal triad
(Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct)

Pringle maneuver

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18
Q

What components are in the midgut?

A 
Small intestine (3rd and 4th pts of duodenum, jejunum, ileum)
Large intestine (ascending and transverse pts)
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19
Q

How does the jejunum appear (relative to ileum)?

A

Thicker walls
Less fat in mesentery
Large, closely packed circular folds in wall of gut
Long vasa recta with few arcades

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20
Q

How does the ileum appear (relative to jejunum)?

A

Thinner walls
More fat in mesentery
Smoother wall of gut
Short vasa recta with many arcades

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21
Q

What forms the only anastomosis between the foregut and the midgut?

A

Superior to inferior pancreaticduodenal arteries

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22
Q

What are the components of the hindgut?

A

Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

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23
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic artery
Sigmoid branches
Superior rectal artery

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24
Q

What wall forms to separate the GI tract and the urogenital system?

A

Urorectal septum

25
Q

What is the pouch of Morrison?

A

Hepatorenal pouch where fluid can accumulate when supine

26
Q

What is the pouch of Douglas?

A

Rectovesical/rectouterine pouch where fluid can accumulate when supine

27
Q

What are the stomach parts from superior to inferior?

A

Esophageal sphincter, cardiac notch, cardia, fundus, pyloric, antrum, pyloric canal, pyloric sphincter

28
Q

What is pyloric stenosis?

A

Outlet obstruction due to hypertrophy/hyperplasia of pylorus muscular layers.

Usually presents in infants (4-8 weeks)

29
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

Protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.

Can be paraesophageal or sliding.

30
Q

What is a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?

A

Cardia remains in place, fundus herniates through. No reflux of gastric contents.

31
Q

What is a sliding hiatal hernia?

A

Distal esophagus and proximal stomach slide through hiatus; reflux of gastric contents is possible.

32
Q

What are 2 types of congenital diaphragmatic hernias?

A

Bochdalek hernia

Morgagnia hernia

33
Q

What is a Bochdalek hernia?

A

defect in posterior attachment of diaphragm that is caused by a failure of pleuroperitoneal membrane closure in utero.

Typically presents in infancy
Can cause pulmonary hypoplasia

34
Q

What is a Morgagni hernia?

A

Herniation through parasternal defects where internal thoracic vessels pass from thorax to abdomen.

Anterior, near midline

35
Q

Describe the function of vagus nerves.

A

Parasympathetic

Motor: varies by organ, generally increases motility/aiding digestion

Sensory: afferent limb of reflexes controlling digestion

36
Q

What is sympathetic innervation of the abdomen?

A

Motor and sensory via splanchnic branches of the sympathetic chain (greater, less,er least splanchnic nerves).

37
Q

What organs receive sympathetic innervation from T6-T10?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas

38
Q

What sympathetic innervation does the esophagus get?

A

T5-T6

39
Q

What sympathetic innervation do the liver and gallbladder get?

A

T7-T9

40
Q

What is the other name for the vagus nerve?

A

CN X

41
Q

What part of the duodenum open to the bile duct and pancreatic duct?

A

Descending

42
Q

The duodenum receives blood from what branches?

A

Celiac trunk AND SMA (therefore transition between foregut and midgut)

43
Q

What is the function of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine cells release digestive enzymes into a series of progressively larger ducts that eventually join together to and from the main pancreatic duct.

44
Q

What does bile do?

A

Aids (mostly fat) digestion

45
Q

What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla (aka Ampulla of Vader)?

A

Where pancreatic and bile duct meet/also the transition of foregut to midgut

46
Q

What does the portal vein do?

A

Drains all the blood from the GI tract (with all absorbed things from food/drink etc.) and goes to the liver

47
Q

What causes gallstones?

A

Too much cholesterol
Too much bilirubin
Not enough bile salts

48
Q

What is the developmental history of the spleen?

A

Dorsal mesogastrium

49
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters 350L of blood per/day (about 1 L at a given time).

Thus it can be a major source of abdominal bleeding

50
Q

Where will a splenic bleed accumulate?

A

Splenorenal recess

51
Q

Where is irritation of the diaphragm referred?

A

Right scapular region and right neck

52
Q

What are congenital anomalies of the intestine?

A

Cecum nonrotation or incomplete rotation.

Incomplete is at risk for volvulus (twisting on itself).

53
Q

What are congenital anomalies of the intestine involving the cecum?

A

Cecum nonrotation or incomplete rotation.

Incomplete is at risk for volvulus (twisting on itself).

54
Q

What is an omphalocele?

A

Persistence of the herniation of the abdominal contents into the umbilical cord. Failure of organs to retract
covered by peritoneum

55
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A

Persistence of the herniation of abdominal contents caused by failure of body wall to fuse.

NOT covered by peritoneum

56
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the appendix?

A

T10

57
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the small intestine?

A

T9-T10

58
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the large intestine?

A

T11-L1

59
Q

What are the mechanisms to hold the weight of feces?

A

Follows curve of sacrum until sharp bend where it passes through the pelvic floor
Three lateral flexures which correspond to superior, intermediate, and inferior transverse rectal folds
Ampulla is able to relax and expand to accommodate mass.

TAP (12 decks)

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