GI: Animal Management/ Nutrition Flashcards
Regulation of hunger and saiety
Neural (from GI) and hormones (Ghrelin, Glucagon, Insulin and Leptin)
Main source of energy in absorptive state
Glucose
Main source of energy in postabsorptive state
Glycogen
Hypoglycaemia
Low blood glucose
Hyperglycaemia
High blood glucose
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis of adipose tissues to ketone bodies
Cats dietary requirements
Taurine, arachidonic acid (arginine), vit A, dietary vit D and fatty acids
Dogs dietary requirements
Vit D and fatty acids
Water intake for dogs and cats
2ml/kg/hr
What ages are dogs/cats transitioned to adult weight maintaining diet?
12m: cats/ s.dogs
15-18m: m.dogs
18-24m: l.dogs
Bitches feeding requirements in pregnancy
Increase in last trimester, small frequent meals
Queens feeding requirements in pregnancy
Ad lib, linear increases from conception
Geriatric feeding in dogs and cats (changes from adult)
Dogs: lower energy req
Cats: Lower macronutrient digestibility but higher energy requirements
Calorie content for 1g protein, fat and carb
1g protein: 3.5k cal
1g fat: 8.5k cal
1g carb: 3.5k cal
Steps of ruminant diet formulation (4)
- Voluntary feed intake
- Energy requirements
3 Protein requirements - Minerals and vitamins
Ruminant Voluntary feed intake calculations
3% of bodyweight or (2.5% bodyweight + 10% yield)
Ruminant energy requirement calculations
10% bodyweight + 5MJ per L
Ruminant protein requirement
165-175g/kg crude protein
Requirements of equine diet formulation (3)
- Dry Matter Intake (>1% of bodyweight)
- 75% (at least 50%) of DMI should be forage (high fibre)
- Fresh water
Horse water intake
40-60ml/kg/day
Intake increases 2-3hr after fibre intake
Horse macronutrient requirements
- Complex carbs (Absorbs VFAs). SImple carbs cause acidic gut syndrome
- Fats (easily absorbed due to absence of gallbladder)
- Protein (<14%, excess will cause dehydration)
Sugar beet pulp processing
- Pellets soaked for 12hr, speedibeet/flakes for 10m.
- Expands, horse has small digestive system.
Neutraceuticals
“Hollistic, chinese medicines”
Foal feeding
- Milk dependent (3-4m)
- Drinks 7-10 times/hr in first month
- 10-12 wks: <20% forage
- 6m: <30% forage
Foal weaning
6-8m
- when eating 3kg concentrate food/day
Yearlings horse feeding
Many turned out to graze in groups (limits growth unless given concentrates)
- Thouroughbreds fed concentrates
Athletic horses
Concentrates 8hr before, 1.5-2hr after. Also replace fluids with minerals and electrolytes
Obese horse feeding strategies
Increase fibre, and difficulty of feeding
Re-feeding horse strategies
Only forage first, gradually increase concentrates
What condition are donkeys prone to due to stress or diet changes?
Hyperlipidaemia (Fats in your blood)
Geriatric horse feeding
Short length fibre, lots of forage.
Carcass quality factors (3)
Consistent size, conformation (muscle/bone) and fat level
Avg price of beef cattle
£1800
Suckler herd
Beef dam -> calf -> sale (Dairy cross heifers used in suckler herds for hybrid vigour
Beef rearing
Calves bought -> sale.
Pedigree herds
Breeding stock for commercial herds (specific traits)
Benefits of tight calving window
easier management and able to manage cows as a herd.
Intensive beef systems
- Late maturing bulls (12-14m)
- Indoors and concentrates
- Higher feed costs but lower overall feed requirements
Semi-intensive systems
- Late maturing bullocks + heifers (15-20m)
- Born in spring, 2 grass, 1 store
- Finished on concentrates
Extensive systems
- Early maturations (20m+)
- Grass + stored forage
- Low feed cost, higher lifetime feed
Which beef rearing system is the most sustainable?
intensive systems
Grazing systems
- Continuous
- Rotational
- Strip
- Zero
- Extended
- Extensive (uplands)
- Mob (rotational w/higher stocking densities)
- Forage crop
Parts of plants (4)
Cellulose, hemicellulose, ligin and pectin
What does the service “Kingshay” offer to farmers?
- Dairy costing service to improve herd health plan
- Benchmarking and comparisons against other herds.
- Education/ knowledge
When are lambs weaned?
4m
