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Year 1 > ERU: Endocrine > Flashcards

ERU: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Hemocrine (endocrine cells)

A

Releases hormones, travel through bloodstream, attatch to cell receptor

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2
Q

Autocrine (endocrine cells)

A

Releases hormnes and attatches to receptors on itself

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3
Q

Paracrine (endocrine cells)

A

Hormones released and binds to cells nearby

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4
Q

Pituitary gland (hormone released, structure and function)

A

Multiple, Glandular/ neuronal, Multiple

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5
Q

Pineal (hormone released, structure and function)

A

Melatonin, neuronal

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6
Q

Thyroid gland (hormone released, structure and function)

A

Thyroid, Follicular, Multiple

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7
Q

Parathyroid gland (hormone released, structure and function)

A

PTH, Glandular (chief cells), calcium regulation

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8
Q

Adrenal gland (hormone released, structure and function)

A

Cortisol, Aldosterone, etcl Glandular w/cortex + medullar, Multiple

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9
Q

Pancreas (hormone released, structure and function)

A

Insulin + Glucagon, Glandular, Glucose regulation

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10
Q

Zones of adrenal cortex (3)

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis (out to in)

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11
Q

What produces aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa (of adrenal cortex)

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12
Q

What produces cortisol?

A

Zona fasciculata and zona reticularis (of adrenal cortex)

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13
Q

What produces adrenaline?

A

Medulla of adrenal gland

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14
Q

Cortisol (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • From cholestrol + adrenal glands, hydrophobic and binds to cortisol binding protein.
  • Intracellular receptors, altered protein synthesis and cell function.
  • Fight or flight response (increased metabolism, immune supression, cardiovascular)
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15
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Over production of cortisol (from tumours, hyperglycaemia, increased appetite, lethargy)

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16
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Under production of cortisol (Autoimmune destruction of adrenal gland, hypoglycaemia, lethargy, vomiting)

17
Q

Aldosterone (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • Low BP sensed by kidneys, Angiotensin II secreted
  • Arteriole constriction, Aldosterone release and ADH release -> water retention
  • Regulates BP by NA and K levels
18
Q

Adrenaline/ norepinephreine (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • Hypothalamus- splanchnic nerve, acetylcholine and stimulates adrenaline release. Stored in chromaffin cells. (Adrenal glands)
  • Hydrophillic, altered protein function, cytoplasmic memory
  • Fight/flight
19
Q

Glucagon (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • pancreas a-cells
  • Break down glycogen into glucose
  • Raises blood sugar
20
Q

Insulin (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • Pancreas B-cells
  • Inhibits glucose production and allows glucose uptake into muscles and adipose tissues
  • Lowers blood sugar
21
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

Fail to secrete or produce insulin

22
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A

Fail to respond to insulin

23
Q

Which diabetes is more common in dogs and cats?

A

Dogs- Type 1, Cats- Type 2

24
Q

Anatomy of dog vs pig thyroid gland

A

Dog- 2 lobes on either side of trachea, Pig- Bridge across trachea

25
Q

What is the thyroid gland made of?

A

Follicles filled w/colloid. Surrounded by follicular epithelium and capillaries

26
Q

Thyroid hormone derivation

A

Amino acid tyrosine + iodine

27
Q

Tyroglobuline

A

Precursor to thyroid hormone.

28
Q

T4

A

4 iodine attatched. Most commonly released, longer half-life and converts to T3. Hydrophobic

29
Q

T3

A

3 iodine attatched, more active and higher receptor affinity. Hydrophobic

30
Q

Effects of thyroid hormone (3)

A
  • Cardiovascular (increased responsiveness and higher sensitivity to adrenaline/noradrenaline)
  • Growth (some GH regulation, crucial to CNS development)
  • Metabolism (Increased thyroid hormone= increased basal metabolic rate)
31
Q

How does Ca move into cell?

A

High extracellular, low intracellular, through Ca2+ channels

32
Q

Role of Calcium in cells

A

Acts as signalling ion, able to activate intracellular processes

33
Q

Body parts involved in Ca homeostasis (3)

A
  • Gut: Diet (increase) vs Faeces (loss)
  • Bone: daily bone turnover
  • Kidneys: urine (loss)
34
Q

Hormones that regulate Ca homeostasis

A

PTH, Calcitonin and Active vitamin D

35
Q

PTH (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • Stored in chief cells and released when low Ca in circulation
  • Activated Ca2+ channels
  • Increases bone and kidney Ca release
36
Q

Active Vitamin D

A

From kidneys, synthesizzes proteins involved in Ca handling.
Acts on Gut

37
Q

Calcitonin (synthesis, mechanism of action and effects)

A
  • From C-cells (in Thyroid gland) when high blood Ca
  • Bone, inhibits bone reabsorption and Kidneys, reduces reabsorption
38
Q

Magnesium homeostasis mechanisms

A
  • Through diet and kidneys
  • Not through bone or hormones
39
Q

PTH effect on bone (Ca regulation)

A
  • Releases Ca2+ salts through osteoblasts (fast)
  • Breakdown hydroxyapatite crstals by osteoclasts (long term)

Year 1 (16 decks)

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