F: Animal Management Flashcards
1
Q
Herbivore anatomy
A
Large, wide flat back teeth (ruminants, no front teeth)
2
Q
How does the anatomy change based on diet (example of calf to cow)
A
Large abomasum for liquid diet changes to large rumen for digesting plant matter
3
Q
Forage
A
Any plant matter
4
Q
What are the 4 types of pasture?
A
Rough grazing, permanent pasture, ley (grass sewn for forage), and rotational grass
5
Q
Maize and fodder production
A
- Leaves dry, whole crop chopped and grain cracked
- Common for dairy due to high DM and starch content
6
Q
How does the composition of grass change?
A
- Early grass, high protein
- Late grass, low protein, more fibrous
7
Q
Silage (forage conservation)
A
- Pickled and fermented
- Grass is cut and oxygen is squeezed out which allows bacteria to break down sugars producing lactic acid and preserves hay
- Exposure ot oxygen makes it go bad
8
Q
Hay (forage conservation)
A
- Dried, nutritive losses
- Easy to transport, less contamination, small volumes
- suspect to mould and oxidation
9
Q
Haylage (forage conservation)
A
- hay x silage
- higher water content, prone to spoilage
- fed to horses
10
Q
Straw (forage conservation)
A
- Dried stem of wheat, barely and oats.
- Given to ruminants on high concentrate diets
11
Q
Concentrates
A
- High in protein and energy
- Need to be fed with roughage in ruminants to avoid acidosis.
12
Q
Straights (type of concentrate)
A
Individual grain
13
Q
Mixes (type of concentrate)
A
Variety of grains as museli or pellets
14
Q
Cow
A
Adult female
15
Q
Heifer
A
Female who has had 1 or less calves
16
Q
Bull
A
Male
17
Q
Steer/ Bullock
A
Castrated male
18
Q
Bull Calf
A
Male calf
19
Q
Calf
A
Young bovine
20
Q
Dairy cow common management types (3)
A
- Indoor year round (zero-grazing)
- Outdoors year round
- Mixed
21
Q
Beef cow management types (2)
A
- Intensive- housed and fed concentrates (suitable for later maturing breeds who grow quickly)
- Extensive- Beef from grass (Early maturing breeds who need to be grown longer)
22
Q
Calf nutritional requirements
A
- Colostrum
- Water (from day 1)
- Milk
- Concentrates
- Forage
23
Q
Vet roles in bovine industry
A
Abattoir work, government, research, investigation officers
24
Q
Dairy cows insemination options
A
- Dairy x Dairy (Bull calfs raised as meat)
- Dairy x Beef (worth more in beef industry)
25
Suckler Herds
Cows kept purely for beef. (sold as calves, kept on farm until slaughter, sold as stores)
26
Store cattle
Older cows being housed a second winter to fatten on grass and sold under 30 months.
27
Holstein- Friesian
Dairy, black and white, high milk, 680-770kg
28
Ayrshire
Dairy, dark red and white, smaller and hardy, housed mostly outdoors, 450-600kg
29
Jersey
Dairy, milk rich in butterfat, 400-450kg
30
Guernsey
Dairy, red-brown and white patches, high butterfat content, 450-500kg
31
Hereford
Native (slow growing), beef, red with white face and chest, fast growing with food feed conversion
32
Aberdeen Angus
Native (slow growing), beef, black, good calving ease and good milk for young, good feed conversion and naturally polled (no horns)
33
Belgium Blue
Beef, White, blue roan or black, double muscling, struggle to give birth, high feed conversion and good temperament
34
Limousin
Beef, Golden Red, meat has low proportion of bone and fat, high feed conversion
35
Simmental
Beef, Light brown and white patches, Highly efficient, minimal waste fat, docile and good mothering ability
36
Difference between horse and pony
- Determined by height (foot to withers. Ponies are less than 14.2 hands)
- 1 hand = 4 inches
37
Heavy breeds/ cold bloods and function (UK native - 5)
- Strong, easy going
- Designed to pull farm machinery
- Inclu. Shire, Clydesdale, Suffolk, Cleaveland Bay, Irish Draught
38
UK native ponies (Children's riding ponies) (5)
Shetland, Dartmoor, Exmoor, New Forest, Welsh
39
UK native ponies (Tough, evolved to live in wild places) (3)
Connemara, Dales, Highland
40
Hotbloods
- Speedy, less calm
(ex. Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Quarter Horse, Arab)
41
Breeds commonly used for competition in UK
- Thoroughbred (racing)
- Warmblood (thoroughbred x cold blood)
- Irish Sport Horse (Thoroughbred x Irish Draft)
42
Dressage
- Executing complex movements based on control and steering.
- Exclusively warmbloods
- "Horse Dancing"
43
Showjumping
- Fastest time to complete jumps without faults (knocking poles, stoping or missing jump)
- Exclusively warmbloods
44
Eventing
- Triathalon (dressage, cross country, show jumping)
- Usually Thoroughbred crosses
45
Racing (and types (2))
- Flat racing: shorter distance, no jumps, horses 2-3 years
- National Hunt racing: longer over fences, horses 4-5 years
46
Polo
- 4 riders per team, hit balls through goal
- Thoroughbred or thoroughbred cross
47
Endurance
- Long distance races, have to pass vet checkpoints
- Arab
48
Driving
- Teams of 1,2,4 horses pull carraige through obstacles
49
Showing
Dog show
50
Vaulting
Gymnastics on horseback
- Quite strenuous, constant, steady pace.
51
Western riding
Quarter horses, mostly reigning in the UK
52
Horse management types
Stabled (stereotypies, respiratory disease), at grass (injuries, skin disease) or combination
53
Colic
Abdominal pain due to sudden change in management or feeding
54
Gastric ulceration
Due to periods of feed restriction and commonly found in high-intensity exersized horses
55
Myopathies
Overexertion, muscle breakdown after exercise
56
Cow gestation period
9 months
57
Calving interval
Calf-calf (approx 385 days
58
When does oestrus happen in calves
Based on weight
59
1st service timing
- First breeding at 14-15 months, 55-60% of adult body weight
60
How is cow weight measured?
Heart girth
61
Challenges of entering the milk herd
- Spending lots of time standing around, poor access to feed, stress
62
How soon is a cow bred again after giving birth?
60-85 days
63
Early lactation dates
0-100 days, peak at 5-6 wks, up to 50L a day
64
Mid-late lactation (100-305) and how dealing with high and low yielders
High yielders given high energy diet and vise versa (prevent obesity and trouble calving in low yielders
65
Dry period and process of drying off
- around 60 days
- Early dry period (far-off cows) and Late dry period (transition cows)
- Use internal teat sealant and intra-mammary antibiotics, only when needed.
66
Ewe
Female sheep
67
Ram (a.ka. Tup)
Male sheep
68
Lamb
Young sheep
69
Gimmer/ Hogget/ Shearling/ Two-tooth and their approximate age
Young sheep with no more than 2 permanent incisors (usually between 12-19 months)
70
Wether
Male castrated sheep
71
Teaser
- Vasectomised sheep that is no longer fertile but maintains desire to mate
- Used to bring ewes into oestrus
72
Finished lamb
Fattened lamb ready for slaughter
73
Draft ewes
Older hills used transported to uplands to cross breed
74
Lambing timing (The sheep year)
- Usually in the spring (w/ grass growth and warm weather)
- Sometimes in December
75
Spring/ Early summer (The sheep year)
- Ewes and lambs grazing (lambs gaining approx 300 grams a day)
- Ewes may need supplements w/ concentrates and lambs with creep feed
76
Summer (The sheep year)
- Lambs weaned at 8wks
- Fattened and sold a 5-8 months, approx 40kg
- Shorn for fly control
77
Autumn (The sheep year)
- Tupping/ mating period 5 months before
- Rams with ewes for 6-8 weeks (2 oestrus cycles)
- 1:25 - 1:100
78
How long is the sheep oestrus cycle?
5 months
79
Pros and cons of stratified sheep breeding system
- Able to use all types of land
- Breeds matched to different land
- May require movement between pastures
80
Hills (combinations, elevation)
- Hill ewes x Hill rams
- 500m +
81
Upland (combinations, elevation)
- Draft ewes/ Longwool ewes x Longwool rams
- (Draft ewes x longwool rams = cross-bred ewes)
- 300-500m
82
Lowland (combinations, elevation)
- Cross-bred ewes/ terminal sire ewes x terminal sire rams
- Less than 300m
83
Hills sheep characteristics
- Hardy, thick coats
- Good mothers
- Able to cope with harsh conditions and walk long distances
84
Hills output
- Sold as stores
- Draft ewes sold to upland
85
Upland sheep characteristics
- More prolific than hills
- Good mothering ability
86
Upland output
- Mule lambs (draft ewes x longwool rams)
87
Lowland sheep characteristics
- Fast-growing, heavy frame
- Prolific
88
Lowland output
- Cross-bred lambs (Mule ewe x terminal sire)
- Fattened store lambs from uplands and hills
89
Sustainable sheep breeding examples (3)
- Lambs that finish quicker on grass
- Lighter ewes (less food) with same lambing output
- Ewes w/ less lambing intervention
90
Sheep sources of income
- Meat (increasing)
- Wool (decreasing)
