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Year 1 > ERU: Urinary > Flashcards

ERU: Urinary Flashcards

1
Q

Osmolarity of ECF

A

~290 mOsmol/L

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2
Q

What type of osmolarity urine does vertebraes produce? What about birds and mammals?

A

Vertebraes produce hypotonic or isotonic urine. Birds and mammals produce hypertonic (able to conserve water)

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3
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • 20%
  • Long proximal tubule + LOH
  • Concentrating urine
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4
Q

Cortical/ Sub-capsular nephrons

A
  • 80%
  • Short proximal tubule + LOH
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5
Q

Glomerular filtration product

A

Results in ultra filtrate (small molecules and ions. No proteins and no RBCs).

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6
Q

What are the 2 factors controlling renal blood flow?

A

Myogenic (muscles of afferent and efferent arterioles).
Tubulo-glomerular feedback (distal tubule fluid- juxtaglomerular apparatus (arteriole constriction))

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of glomerular filtration (capillary to Bowman’s capsule)

A
  1. Capillary endothelial cells (flattened, thin epithelium w/fenestrations)
  2. Basement membranes (non-cellular collagen, glycoproteins, barrier to large molecules)
  3. Podocytes (made of cell body, trabeculae + pedicels, interdigitate to repel negative molecules)
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8
Q

How is GFR calculated?

A

Net filtration= Hydrostatic of capillary - (capillary oncotic + hydrostatic of BC)

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9
Q

What happens to filtration rate when afferent arteriole is constricted?

A

Reduced hydrostatic, blood flow and filtration

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10
Q

What happens to filtration when efferent arteriole is constricted?

A

High hydrostatic, lower blood flow, little change in filtration

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11
Q

What happens in the proximal tubule?

A

2/3 of filtrate reabsorbed and secretory (organic acids and bases)

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12
Q

What makes PT good at reabsorption?

A
  • Located next to glomerulus
  • Convuluted
  • High oncotic blood pressure
  • Apical/ tubule cells
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13
Q

Features of apical/ tubule cells in proximal tubule

A
  • Brush border
  • Infoldings of basal membrane
  • Lots of mitochondria
  • Tight junctions to reduce paracellular reabsorption
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14
Q

Secondary active transport

A

Relies on Na gradient from Na/k ATP pump

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15
Q

Symport transport

A

Co-transport (ex. Na + Glucose ->)

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16
Q

Antiport transport

A

Counter-transport (ex. Na<->H+)

17
Q

How much glucose is reabsorbed?

A

100% (If not, it’s called glucosurea)

18
Q

How much water is reabsorbed?

A

60-70%
- From high oncotic in capillaries
- Osmolarity of tubular fluid doesn’t change in P.T

19
Q

How much urea is reabsorbed? Where is the highest concentration found?

A
  • 50% in P.T
  • Concentration high in LOH
20
Q

Secretions of PT

A

Organic anions (acids) and cations (bases)

21
Q

What happens in the distal tubule?

A

Low permeability to water. Na reabsorption through naCl symporter in apical membrane

22
Q

Does the osmolarity in plasma change?

A

Stays constant. Kidneys remove/ retain required water

23
Q

Vasa recta

A

Blood supply to medulla. Counter current which prevents loss of salt gradients

24
Q

What happens in the Collecting duct?

A
  • Parallel to LOH, opposite direction. - - Water out by osmosis due to hyperosmotic medulla.
  • Impermeable to water, urea nad NaCl if no ADH
25
Q

What does ADH do?

A
  • Increases water and urea permeability
  • Acts on CD aquaporin channels
  • Short half-life of 15-20 mins in blood. Variation by only +-3 mOsmol/L
26
Q

What controls the osmolarity of ECF?

A

ADH and Na+ levels

27
Q

What happens with decrease in ECF?

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

28
Q

Describe the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A
  • Low ECF, renin released from granulosa cells from kidney
  • Angiotensin -(renin)-> Angiotensin I -(ACE)-> Angiotensin II -> Aldosterone
29
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Increase aldosterone
  • Increase ADH and thirst
  • Increase Na reabsorption and GFR/maintain
30
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A
  • Increased Na reabsorption (lower plasma Na concentration)
  • Promotes H+/K+ secretion (acts on D.T)
31
Q

What happens when there’s an increase in ECF?

A
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) released
  • Erythropoietin released
32
Q

Mechanisms of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A
  • ANP synthesised from cardiac atrial cells in response to increased atrial stretch
  • Increased sodium excretion.
  • Inhibition of aldosterone production
  • Decreased renin release
  • Vasodilation of afferent arteriole (increased GFR)
33
Q

Mechanisms of erythropoietin

A

From kidney, stimulates RBC production in bone marrow. Increases ECF osmolarity

34
Q

Innervation and related mechanisms of bladder

A
  • Tonic sympathetic- internal sphincter closed
  • Tonic somatic- external sphincter closed.

Year 1 (16 decks)

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