ERU: Reproductive

Question 1

What gene determines sex?

Answer 1

SRY gene

Question 2

What hormone does the SRY gene produce and what are the effects?

Answer 2

Produces TDF. W/TDF = testes, without = ovaries

Question 3

Seretoli cells

Answer 3

NOURISH AND SUPPORT SPERMATOGENISIS IN SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
- Produces cytokines (inclu. Anti-Mullerian hormone which causes Mullerian duct regression) + inhibin and minimal oestrogen
- Sperm mitosis
- Androgen receptors

Question 4

Wolffian duct

Answer 4

Male

Question 5

Mullerian duct

Answer 5

Female

Question 6

Leydig cells

Answer 6

Testicular hormones btw seminiferous tubules
- Produce androgens (mostly testosterone to maintain Wolffian)
- Oxytocin

Question 7

Androgens intra-teste function (3)

Answer 7

• Negative feedback on Leydig
• Myoid cells (smooth muscle surrounding seminiferous tubules)- help release mature spermatozoa
• Maintain spermatogenesis

Question 8

Androgen extra-teste function (2)

Answer 8

• Irreversible effects when young is exposed at critical period, Masculinises the brain.
• Activational, reversible effects such as maintenance of spermatogenesis, anabolic effects, breeding season behaviours, etc.

Question 9

Masculinization of female young examples (2)

Answer 9

• Twin calves, female is infertile due to androgens
• Female rodents between 2 males produce male-biased litters

Question 10

Max temp of spermatogenesis

Answer 10

35C

Question 11

Blood testes barrier

Answer 11

Formed by tight junction of sertoli cells. prevents diffusion between cells and not accessible by immune system

Question 12

Role of sertoli cells in spermatogenesis

Answer 12

Mitosis of sperm cells in lumen created by sertoli cells, coordinates spermatogenesis and effects of FSH

Question 13

Spermation

Answer 13

Mature spermatozoa

Question 14

Pampiniform plexus

Answer 14

Venous plexus surrounding artery for heat exchange between body and testes

Question 15

What hormone causes descent of testes?

Answer 15

Androgens. Effects on gubernaculum and suspensory ligament

Question 16

Spermatogenic wave

Answer 16

Multiple stages at the same time ensuring continuous sperm production

Question 17

Spermatogenesis stages: Spermatocytogenesis

Answer 17

1), Mitosis of spermatogonia

Question 18

Spermatogenesis stages: Spermatidogenesis

Answer 18

2), Meiosis of spermatocytes

Question 19

Spermatogenesis stages: Spermiogenesis

Answer 19

3), Differentiation- round and elongation of spermatids

Question 20

Where do the testes develop?

Answer 20

Retroperitoneally near kidneys from intermediate mesoderm

Question 21

Scrotal layers (out to in)

Answer 21

1. Skin + Dartos muscle
2. Cremaster muscle
3. External spermatic fascia
4. Internal spermatic fascia (parietal vaginal tunic)
5. Vaginal cavity
6. Visceral vaginal tunic
7. Testes

Question 22

Role of cremaster muscle

Answer 22

Adjusts position of testes (closer or farther away to body) to maintain ideal temperature)

Question 23

Closed castration

Answer 23

Cut scrotal ligament (internal spermatic fascia and vaginal tunic intact)

Question 24

Open castration

Answer 24

Cut lig of tail of epididymis

Question 25

Corpus spongiosum

Answer 25

Around urethra

Question 26

Corpus cavernosum

Answer 26

Paired, dorsal to urethra

Question 27

What does the corpus cavernosum become in the dog? (SD)

Answer 27

Os penis

Question 28

Musculocavernous penis

Answer 28

Flaccid: sympathetic, tonic muscle contractions around cavernous space Errect: sympathetic inhibition, muscles relax, fill with blood

Question 29

What muscles compress venous return in musculocavernous penis?

Answer 29

Ischiourethralis, Ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus

Question 30

Fibroelastic penis

Answer 30

Flaccid: Retractor penis contracted Erection: Retractor penis relaxes, flexure straightens

Question 31

Mechanisms of copulatory lock

Answer 31

Swelling of bulbus glandis. Clamping of bitch's vestibularis muscle on dorsal penile vein + superficial veins of glands.

Question 32

Canine penis (SD)

Answer 32

- Pars longa glandis (distal) - Bulbus glandis (proximal) - Os penis

Question 33

Stallion (SD)

Answer 33

- Mushroom - Swap urethral sinus for CEM

Question 34

Bull (SD)

Answer 34

- Glans flattened and twisted - Broken penis

Question 35

Ram (SD)

Answer 35

- Worm-like urethral process (urinary stones) - Tuberculum spongiosum

Question 36

Boar (SD)

Answer 36

- No glans - Sub-urethral diverticulum (boar taint) - Spiral

Question 37

What are the accessory sex glands (4)

Answer 37

- Prostate - Ampulla - Vesicular glands - Bulbourethral glands

Question 38

Luteinisation

Answer 38

Formation of C.L

Question 39

Effects of GnRH on oestrogen and progesterone

Answer 39

- High GnRH= High oestrogen - Low GnRH = High progesterone

Question 40

Monoestrous

Answer 40

Single oestrous cycle per year

Question 41

Polyestrous

Answer 41

Successive oestrous cycles

Question 42

Short-day breeder examples (2)

Answer 42

Sheep and goat

Question 43

Long-day breeders examples (2)

Answer 43

Horse and cat

Question 44

Non seasonal breeders examples (2)

Answer 44

Cow and sow

Question 45

What happens to developing follicles during luteal phase?

Answer 45

Become atretic due to high progesterone

Question 46

Oogenisis

Answer 46

Production of female gametes.

Question 47

Primordial follicle

Answer 47

Primary oocyte, dormant

Question 48

Primary follicle

Answer 48

Chosen to re-commence growth

Question 49

Secondary follicle

Answer 49

Filled with antrum/ fluid-filled cavity

Question 50

Preovulatory follicle/ Graafian

Answer 50

Chosen to mature to ovulation

Question 51

Follicular waves

Answer 51

Group of follicles that continuously grow and mature. Only some fully mature.

Question 52

Monovular species

Answer 52

Only 1 follicle matures

Question 53

Polyovular species

Answer 53

Multiple ovulation

Question 54

Describe the process of ovulation

Answer 54

- Ovum released into uterine tube - Captured by frimbraie - Fertilisation at ampulla-isthmus junction - To uterus

Question 55

What causes luteolysis?

Answer 55

Prostaglandin F2a

Question 56

What forms the ovarian bursa?

Answer 56

Mesovarium and mesosalpinx

Question 57

Closed ovarian bursa

Answer 57

Small opening, Bitch

Question 58

Open ovarian bursa

Answer 58

Able to see ovarian surface, Mare and Cow

Question 59

Bovine udder suspensory ligaments (2)

Answer 59

Lateral suspensory laminae, Medial suspensory laminae

Question 60

Arteries of bovine udder (3)

Answer 60

- External pudendal artery - Sigmoid flexure - Internal pudendal

Question 61

Veins of bovine udder (2)

Answer 61

- Venous ring (to external pudendal) around base of udder - Milk vein

Question 62

Uterus types (3)

Answer 62

Simplex, Duplex, Bicornuate (Polytous species have more developed uterine horns)

Question 63

Which ligament is stretched/broken during spay?

Answer 63

Suspensory ligament (ovary to dorsal body wall)

Question 64

What comprises the broad ligament? (4)

Answer 64

- Mesovarian - Mesosalpinx - Mesometrium (uterine horn) - Round lig (uterus to dorsal body wall through inguinal canal)

Question 65

Blood supply to repro tract (3)

Answer 65

Ovarian, uterine and middle artery (large animals)

Question 66

What can you feel in the middle uterine artery during pregnancy?

Answer 66

Fremitus (wizzing blood). You cannot palpate uterus after 6 months

Question 67

Where does sperm bing in female as a "functional sperm resevoir"?

Answer 67

Utero-tubal junction

Question 68

Sperm capacitation (2)

Answer 68

- Acrosome reaction (channels open) - Activation (swimming pattern changes- whiplash)

Question 69

Types of placentas (4)

Answer 69

Diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary, discoidal

Question 70

What does the chorioallantoic membrane form?

Answer 70

Placenta

Question 71

What does the allantois form?

Answer 71

Precursor to umbilical cord