GI - Anatomy Flashcards
What part of the mouth breaks down food?
teeth
What is secreted in response to food?
saliva
What enzyme is in saliva?
amylase
What does amylase do?
breaks down food
Where does CHO digestion start?
mouth
Where is a bolus formed?
mouth
Where in the mouth does the bolus go?
propelled back to pharynx
dysphasia
- when the bolus has a problem going back to pharynx
Who evaluates swallowing?
speech therapy
Where is the esophagus located?
between pharynx and stomach
peristalsis
Contracts and relaxes to move bolus from pharynx to stomach
Cardiac/LES
- Sphincters
- Located at the bottom of esophagus/top of stomach
- Relaxes to allow food to pass to stomach
- Constricts to prevent acidic stomach contents from flowing into esophagus
Hiatal hernia
Protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest
How is a hiatal hernia treated?
surgically or with medicine
Hiatal hernia - symptoms
- Heartburn, belching (eructation), discomfort (pain), dysphagia, reflux of stomach acid to esophagus
- Symptoms similar to GERD
GERD
- Reflux product from stomach to esophagus
- Excessive relaxation of LES
What are some long term side effects of GERD?
cancer, destruction of esophagus, respiratory systems, asthma
GERD - symptoms
heartburn (dyspepsia), backward flow into the throat of food (regurgitation), gas (flatulence), chronic cough, asthma and chest pain
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
- Role is to decrease amount of gastric acid
- treat GERD and hiatal hernia
Tagament
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
Proton Pump Inh.
- Role is to block gastric acid
- Treat people that have issues with digestion of food
- Made for people who don’t get better with Tagament or Zantac
What do you watch for in people that take proton pump inhibitors?
anemia
Zantac
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
Pepcid
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
Axid
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist
Nexium
Proton Pump Inh.
Prilosec
Proton Pump Inh.
Prevacid
Proton Pump Inh.
Aciphex
Proton Pump Inh.
Protonix
Proton Pump Inh.
Proton Pump Inh. - drug names
Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid, Aciphex, Protonix
Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist - drug names
Tagament, Zantac, Pepcid, Axid
Carafate
- Repair something that is in existence
- Work at the site such as active ulcer or go to stomach, protect and coat it
- People do not experience pain when they eat
Cytotec
- Start on someone who is going to have meds that will upset stomach
- Protectant, doesn’t do anything for someone that has an actual problem
- Use this about a week before starting meds that may cause upset stomach
What is the unintended use of cytotec?
correct male infertility
Where does bolus turn to chime?
stomach
chyme
bolus is mixed with gastric secretions and turns to liquid
Where does protein digestion start?
stomach
Where does CHO digestion end?
stomach
Where is cardiac valve located?
top of stomach
Where is pyloric valve located?
bottom of stomach
Where are parietal and chief cells located?
stomach
What do parietal cells secrete?
HCl and intrinsic factor
Where does intrinsic factor go?
small intestine to absorb B12
Pernicious anemia
malabsorption of B12, may lead to gastric cancer
What do chief cells secrete?
Pepsinogen
Pepsinogen
- Precursor to pepsin (digestive enzyme)
- Responsible to start protein digestion and end carb digestion
What is the purpose of stomach mucus?
- so the stomach doesn’t digest itself
- protection
Pyloric stenosis
- pyloric valve not able to open
- 2 to 3 week old infants
How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?
Dr feels for olive-like mass on stomach which is indicative of pyloric stenosis
How is pyloric stenosis treated?
surgery
What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?
Vomit (projectile), dehydration, weight loss, decreased urinary output
What connects the stomach to the large intestine?
small intestine
What is the function of the small intestine?
responsible for movement, absorption and digestion of food (chyme)
What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
duodenum
calcium and iron absorption, neutralize acid, largest number of ulcers happen here
jejunum
absorption of fat, proteins and carbs
Ileum
absorbs b12 and bile salt
What diseases will incur nutritional losss?
Chron’s, ulcer colitis
What is sent to from the small intestine to the gall bladder that causes horrible pain?
CCK
What is the function of the large intestine?
movement, absorption and elimination
What happens to the reabsorbed water/electrolytes?
put into vascular system
What happens to make stool more solid?
water and electrolytes are reabsorbed in large intestines
How is ostomy placement decided?
place of injury
Segments of large intestines
cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum and anus
Where is stool liquid?
ascending large intestine; don’t want colostomy here
where is stool semi-fluid to semi-mushy?
transverse large intestine
where is stool formed?
descending large intestine; want colostomy here
Where can you train ostomy?
descending large intestine; exception rather than rule
Where is a continent ostomy located?
descending large intestine; may still have to wear a bag
What does the salivary glands produce?
saliva
What enzyme is present in saliva?
amylase
What does amylase break down?
CHO
What does the liver produce and secrete?
bile
Why do we need bile?
digests fat
Where is bile sent to the gallbladder?
storage and concentration
Where are Kupffer cells located?
liver
What do Kupffer cells do?
eat bacteria and anemic RBC
What does the liver metabolize?
proteins considered vital for human survival
What does the liver store and release?
glycogen for metabolism of CHO
What does the gallbladder do with bile?
Collects, concentrates and stores bile from liver
Does the pancreas have an exocrine or endocrine function in the GI system?
Exocrine - secrete digestive enzymes
What digestive enzyme does the pancreas excrete?
amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase
