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Nursing Fundamentals II > GI - Anatomy > Flashcards

GI - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the mouth breaks down food?

A

teeth

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2
Q

What is secreted in response to food?

A

saliva

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3
Q

What enzyme is in saliva?

A

amylase

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4
Q

What does amylase do?

A

breaks down food

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5
Q

Where does CHO digestion start?

A

mouth

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6
Q

Where is a bolus formed?

A

mouth

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7
Q

Where in the mouth does the bolus go?

A

propelled back to pharynx

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8
Q

dysphasia

A
  • when the bolus has a problem going back to pharynx
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9
Q

Who evaluates swallowing?

A

speech therapy

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10
Q

Where is the esophagus located?

A

between pharynx and stomach

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11
Q

peristalsis

A

Contracts and relaxes to move bolus from pharynx to stomach

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12
Q

Cardiac/LES

A
  • Sphincters
  • Located at the bottom of esophagus/top of stomach
  • Relaxes to allow food to pass to stomach
  • Constricts to prevent acidic stomach contents from flowing into esophagus
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13
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Protrusion of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest

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14
Q

How is a hiatal hernia treated?

A

surgically or with medicine

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15
Q

Hiatal hernia - symptoms

A
  • Heartburn, belching (eructation), discomfort (pain), dysphagia, reflux of stomach acid to esophagus
  • Symptoms similar to GERD
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16
Q

GERD

A
  • Reflux product from stomach to esophagus

- Excessive relaxation of LES

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17
Q

What are some long term side effects of GERD?

A

cancer, destruction of esophagus, respiratory systems, asthma

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18
Q

GERD - symptoms

A

heartburn (dyspepsia), backward flow into the throat of food (regurgitation), gas (flatulence), chronic cough, asthma and chest pain

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19
Q

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist

A
  • Role is to decrease amount of gastric acid

- treat GERD and hiatal hernia

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20
Q

Tagament

A

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist

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21
Q

Proton Pump Inh.

A
  • Role is to block gastric acid
  • Treat people that have issues with digestion of food
  • Made for people who don’t get better with Tagament or Zantac
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22
Q

What do you watch for in people that take proton pump inhibitors?

A

anemia

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23
Q

Zantac

A

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist

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24
Q

Pepcid

A

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist

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25
Q

Axid

A

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist

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26
Q

Nexium

A

Proton Pump Inh.

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27
Q

Prilosec

A

Proton Pump Inh.

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28
Q

Prevacid

A

Proton Pump Inh.

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29
Q

Aciphex

A

Proton Pump Inh.

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30
Q

Protonix

A

Proton Pump Inh.

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31
Q

Proton Pump Inh. - drug names

A

Nexium, Prilosec, Prevacid, Aciphex, Protonix

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32
Q

Histamine2 Receptor Antagonist - drug names

A

Tagament, Zantac, Pepcid, Axid

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33
Q

Carafate

A
  • Repair something that is in existence
  • Work at the site such as active ulcer or go to stomach, protect and coat it
  • People do not experience pain when they eat
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34
Q

Cytotec

A
  • Start on someone who is going to have meds that will upset stomach
  • Protectant, doesn’t do anything for someone that has an actual problem
  • Use this about a week before starting meds that may cause upset stomach
35
Q

What is the unintended use of cytotec?

A

correct male infertility

36
Q

Where does bolus turn to chime?

A

stomach

37
Q

chyme

A

bolus is mixed with gastric secretions and turns to liquid

38
Q

Where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

39
Q

Where does CHO digestion end?

A

stomach

40
Q

Where is cardiac valve located?

A

top of stomach

41
Q

Where is pyloric valve located?

A

bottom of stomach

42
Q

Where are parietal and chief cells located?

A

stomach

43
Q

What do parietal cells secrete?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

44
Q

Where does intrinsic factor go?

A

small intestine to absorb B12

45
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

malabsorption of B12, may lead to gastric cancer

46
Q

What do chief cells secrete?

A

Pepsinogen

47
Q

Pepsinogen

A
  • Precursor to pepsin (digestive enzyme)

- Responsible to start protein digestion and end carb digestion

48
Q

What is the purpose of stomach mucus?

A
  • so the stomach doesn’t digest itself

- protection

49
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A
  • pyloric valve not able to open

- 2 to 3 week old infants

50
Q

How is pyloric stenosis diagnosed?

A

Dr feels for olive-like mass on stomach which is indicative of pyloric stenosis

51
Q

How is pyloric stenosis treated?

A

surgery

52
Q

What are the symptoms of pyloric stenosis?

A

Vomit (projectile), dehydration, weight loss, decreased urinary output

53
Q

What connects the stomach to the large intestine?

A

small intestine

54
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

responsible for movement, absorption and digestion of food (chyme)

55
Q

What are the 3 segments of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

56
Q

duodenum

A

calcium and iron absorption, neutralize acid, largest number of ulcers happen here

57
Q

jejunum

A

absorption of fat, proteins and carbs

58
Q

Ileum

A

absorbs b12 and bile salt

59
Q

What diseases will incur nutritional losss?

A

Chron’s, ulcer colitis

60
Q

What is sent to from the small intestine to the gall bladder that causes horrible pain?

A

CCK

61
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

movement, absorption and elimination

62
Q

What happens to the reabsorbed water/electrolytes?

A

put into vascular system

63
Q

What happens to make stool more solid?

A

water and electrolytes are reabsorbed in large intestines

64
Q

How is ostomy placement decided?

A

place of injury

65
Q

Segments of large intestines

A

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum and anus

66
Q

Where is stool liquid?

A

ascending large intestine; don’t want colostomy here

67
Q

where is stool semi-fluid to semi-mushy?

A

transverse large intestine

68
Q

where is stool formed?

A

descending large intestine; want colostomy here

69
Q

Where can you train ostomy?

A

descending large intestine; exception rather than rule

70
Q

Where is a continent ostomy located?

A

descending large intestine; may still have to wear a bag

71
Q

What does the salivary glands produce?

A

saliva

72
Q

What enzyme is present in saliva?

A

amylase

73
Q

What does amylase break down?

A

CHO

74
Q

What does the liver produce and secrete?

A

bile

75
Q

Why do we need bile?

A

digests fat

76
Q

Where is bile sent to the gallbladder?

A

storage and concentration

77
Q

Where are Kupffer cells located?

A

liver

78
Q

What do Kupffer cells do?

A

eat bacteria and anemic RBC

79
Q

What does the liver metabolize?

A

proteins considered vital for human survival

80
Q

What does the liver store and release?

A

glycogen for metabolism of CHO

81
Q

What does the gallbladder do with bile?

A

Collects, concentrates and stores bile from liver

82
Q

Does the pancreas have an exocrine or endocrine function in the GI system?

A

Exocrine - secrete digestive enzymes

83
Q

What digestive enzyme does the pancreas excrete?

A

amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin and lipase

Nursing Fundamentals II (13 decks)

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