Endocrine Flashcards
Anterior Pituitary Gland - hormones
- growth hormone
growth hormone (somatotropin) - function
- anterior pituitary
growth hormone (somatotropin) - excess
- anterior pituitary
growth hormone (somatotropin) - deficit
- anterior pituitary
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - function
- anterior pituitary
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - excess
- anterior pituitary
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - deficit
- anterior pituitary
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - function
- anterior pituitary
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - excess
- anterior pituitary
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - deficit
- anterior pituitary
luteinizing hormone (LH) - function
- anterior pituitary
luteinizing hormone (LH) - excess
- anterior pituitary
luteinizing hormone (LH) - deficit
- anterior pituitary
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - function
- anterior pituitary
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - excess
- anterior pituitary
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - deficit
- anterior pituitary
prolactin - function
- anterior pituitary
prolactin - excess
- anterior pituitary
prolactin - deficit
- anterior pituitary
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - function
- anterior pituitary
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - excess
- anterior pituitary
melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - deficit
- anterior pituitary
posterior pituitary gland - hormone
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - function
- posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - excess
- posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - deficit
- posterior pituitary
oxytocin - function
- posterior pituitary
oxytocin - excess
- posterior pituitary
oxytocin - deficit
- posterior pituitary
thyroid - hormone
- thyroxine (T3 & T4)
thyroxine (T3 & T4) - function
- thyroid
thyroxine (T3 & T4) - excess
- thyroid
thyroxine (T3 & T4) - deficit
- thyroid
calcitonin - function
- thyroid
calcitonin - excess
- thyroid
calcitonin - deficit
- thyroid
parathyroid - horomone
parathyroid (PTH)
parathyroid (PTH) - function
- parathyroid
parathyroid (PTH) - excess
- parathyroid
parathyroid (PTH) - deficit
- parathyroid
adrenal cortex - hormones
- glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone) - function
- adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone - excess
- adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone- deficit
- adrenal cortex
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - function
- adrenal cortex
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - excess
- adrenal cortex
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - deficit
- adrenal cortex
sex hormones (androgen & estrogen) - function
- adrenal cortex
sex hormones (androgen & estrogen) - excess
- adrenal cortex
sex hormones (androgen & estrogen)- deficit
- adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla - hormones
- epinephrine & adrenaline
epinephrine (adrenaline) - function
- adrenal medulla
epinephrine (adrenaline) - excess
- adrenal medulla
norepinephrine - function
- adrenal medulla
norepinephrine - excess
- adrenal medulla
norepinephrine - deficit
- adrenal medulla
pancreas - hormone
- insulin
insulin - function
- pancreas
insulin - excess
- pancreas
insulin - deficit
- pancreas
ovaries - hormone
- estrogen
estrogen & progesterone - function
- ovaries
estrogen & progesterone - excess
- ovaries
estrogen & progesterone - deficit
- ovaries
testes - hormone
- testosterone
testosterone - function
- testes
testosterone - excess
- testes
testosterone - deficit
- testes
thymus - hormone
- thymopoietin
thymopoietin - function
- thymus
thymopoietin - excess
- thymus
thymopoietin - deficit
- thymus
pineal - hormone
- melatonin
melatonin - function
- pineal
melatonin - excess
- pineal gland
melatonin - deficit
- pineal gland
epinephrine (adrenaline) - deficit
- adrenal medulla
How are hormones transported?
via the circulatory system to the target tissue
Where are the hormones transported?
to the target tissue
How are hormones classified?
molecular structure
What are steroids made of?
cholesterol
Are steroids soluble in water?
no
How are steroids carried in circulation?
proteins
what is an example of a peptide?
insulin with a rapid response time
what is an example of an amino acid derivatives?
thyroid hormones and catcholamines.
what is the response time of amino acid derivatives?
immediate
what system does the endocrine system work on?
negative feedback
what are the two major regulatory systems in the body?
endocrine and nervous
do endocrine glands have a physical connection?
no
do endocrine glands have ducts?
no
do hormones have a specific target?
yes; lock and key system
another name for pituitary gland
hypophysis or master gland
what gland tells other glands to secret hormones and when to hold back?
pituitary
where is the pituitary gland located?
Very small about the size of a pea and is located in the brain below the hypothalmus
what is the infundibulum?
The pituitary gland and the hypothalmus are connected by a stalk known as the infundibulum
what are the two parts of the pituitary?
- anterior or adenohypophysis
If the patient experiences a problem within the posterior pituitary gland the patient will have problems with…
fluid and electrolyte imbalance
where is the thyroid located?
Looks like a butterfly and has two lobes that sit on either side of the trachea
isthmus
connects the two lobes of the thyroid
what is stored in the thyroid?
iodine
what are some symptoms of a goiter?
may impede respiratory system, crowd trachea or become hypo/hyper thyroid
what controls BMR?
thyroid
where is the parathyroid located?
posterior wall of the thyroid gland
Does the parathyroid work separately from the thyroid?
yes
how many parathyroid glands are there?
usually 4 to 6
what does parahormone (PH) regulate?
Ca & Ph in the blood
what is a complication of thyroid surgery?
Hypocalcemia
symptoms of hypocalcemia
cardiac conditions, muscle twitching, jumpy and irritable, spasms
what glands make up the adrenal glands
- Adrenal Medulla Gland
where are the adrenal glands located?
Two small glands located on top of each kidney-one gland/kidney
do the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex work independently of each other?
yes
what is required if adrenal glands are removed?
hormone therapy
what portion of the pancreas belongs to the endocrine system?
islets of langerhans
what does pancreas secrete?
insulin and glucagon
where is the thymus gland located?
upper part of the thoracic cavity above the heart
is the thymus important to the immune system?
yes
why is there increased infection in infants and older adults?
underdeveloped and decreased thymus
where is the pineal gland located?
Small pine-coned shaped gland located behind the mid-brain
melatonin fluctuates by what in a person with normal vision?
NAME?
melatonin fluctuates by what in a person with without vision?
-fluctuate 24.7 hr cycle
where are ovaries located?
One on each side of the uterus which are the size and shape of an almond
where do women get testosterone from?
pituitary
where are testes located?
Two small glands located in the scrotum
where do men get estrogen and progesterone from?
pituitary
hypothalamus - function
secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to control secretion of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus - excess
pituitary dysfunction
hypothalamus - deficit
pituitary dysfunction
pancreas (beta cells) - function
NAME?
pancreas (beta cells) - excess
Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia
pancreas (beta cells) - deficit
Diabetes Mellitus
pancreas (alpha cells) - function
Glucagon-raises blood glucose levels by promoting hepatic glyocogenolysis and promotes glycogenesis; islets of langerhans
pancreas (alpha cells) - excess
glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia
pancreas (alpha cells) - deficit
under investigation but probably hypoglycemia
what should someone due with “true hypoglycemia”?
eat 6 times/day
if blood sugar is too low the body should..
produce glucagon
pancreas (delta cells) - function
inhibits diverse endocrine functions and inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatotropin
pancreas (delta cells) - excess
Hyperglycemia
pancreas (delta cells) - deficit
unknown
pancreas (delta cells)
Somatostatin
pancreas (beta cells)
insulin
pancreas (alpha cells)
glucagon
decreased pancreatic results in…
decreased levels of lipase which makes it harder to digest fat
steatorrhea
Decrease in the ability absorb fat-soluble vitamins and an increase in fat excreted via the gi tract, feces floats
3 most common glands that show a decrease in function as a person ages…
gonads, thyroid, and endocrine portion of the pancreas
Decreased ADH production..
more dilute urine
Decreased estrogen production…
loss of bone density, skin loses elasticity and becomes thinner, vaginal changes, loss of ability to have children
is there a decrease in glucose tolerance as you age?
yes
is there a decrease in metabolism as you age?
yes
Change in skin color…
addison’s - tan, bronze; full pituitary failure - get yellow waxy color; anterior pituitary - MSH excess/deficit
Hard non-pitting edema could be a sign of myxedema
thyroxine, severe hypothyroidism, ability to process fluid comes to a halt
Delayed healing
diabetes, hypothyroidism
Change in skeletal structure, change in facial features, increased abdominal obesity but thinning of rest of body
acromegaly
Any change in hair distribution or structure of hair?
testosterone, estrogen, thyroid
Any edema
thyroid
Change in vital signs
adrenal, thyroid
Hypertension, tachycardia, flushing
significant hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma
Change in respiratory pattern
adrenal, hypothyroidism
Weakness/Depression
adrenal, aldosterone, addison’s, acromegaly, cushings
Change in mood
adrenal, possibly thyroid, cushing’s
Drowsiness
Drowsiness
Pain
acromegaly, dwarfism, PTH, high or low calcium
Tremors
thyroid
Loss or decreased sensation
diabetes
Exophthalmos
bulging eyes, hyperthyroidism
Change in vision
type 2 diabetes, adrenal dysfunction (blood pressure), pituitary tumor - quick onset accompanied by headache
Glossitis
thyroid, diabetes
Change in weight/bowel pattern/menstrual pattern/sexual relationship/Impotence/infertility
thyroid
Signs of dehydration
ADH, pituitary
Low back pain/Bone or joint pain/Muscle cramps/Tetany
first PTH then acromegaly
Any chemotherapy and or radiation
higher risk for endocrine dysfunction, especially radiation in upper torso - pituitary failure
Tests - TSH, T3, T4
thyroid disorder
Tests - Thyroid titer
autoimmune
Test - Parathyroid Function tests
PTH levels
Tests for Adrenal Function
measure cortisol, Aldosterone; can do blood test but need 24 hr urine as well; looking for hormone and amt in urine, patient must know - keep in fridge/on ice, pick time, discard urine prior to start time, based on volume of urine in 24 hr, must save every specimen for full 24 hrs
Glucose, Insulin, HgbA1C tests
diabetes
Serum Cholesterol Test
adrenal, thyroid, diabetes; be under 200, if over 200 want lipid profile (cholesterol, trigl., hdl and ldl)
Tests of Pituitary Function
blood test but more likely MRI and CT scan; people usually have a tumor
Thyroid Scan
hypo/hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer
Radioiodine Uptake
hyroid disease; can use it to see function of thyroid; can use to destroy thyroid, will totally destroy at least a portion in 3 mos; precautions - need to sleep alone (72 hours), don’t be around kids, flush toilet 3 times; do not assign a pregnant nurse or someone trying to conceive (fertility issues) to care for this person; people who have this test shed radioactive material
Fine needle aspiration
thyroid, pituitary to check if it is benign
Chevostek’s sign
tap the patient’s facial nerve just in front of the earlobe or near the corner of the mouth. If this prompts twitching of the facial muscles on the side tested this is a positive response that indicates hypocalcemia. The more pronounced the response the higher the degree of hypocalcemia.
Trousseau’s sign
Place a blood pressure cuff in the usual place and pump the cuff up to a comfortable level and maintain this for three minutes. If this produces carpal spasms it is a positive response for hypocalcemia
Sexual Maturity Rating/Tanner
Five stages of development
rapid acting insulin - types
- NovoLog
rapid acting insulin - onset
.25-.3 hours
rapid acting insulin - peak
.5-3 hours
rapid acting insulin - duration
3-5 hours
short acting insulin - types
- Humulin R
short acting insulin - onset
.5 hours
short acting insulin - peak
2.-5 hours
short acting insulin - duration
5-8 hours
Humulin R (U-500) - onset
1.5 hours
Humulin R (U-500) - peak
4-12 hours
Humulin R (U-500)
24 hours
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - types
- Humulin N
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - onset
.5 hours
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - peak
4-12 hours
Intermediate-Acting Insulin - duration
24 hours
Insulin aspart
NovoLog
Insulin glulisine
Apidra
Human lispro injection
Humalog
Regular human insulin injection
- Humulin R
Humulin R (concentrated U-500)
Humulin R (U-500)
Isophane Insulin NPH injection
- Humulin N
Lang-Acting Insulin - types
- lantus
Lang-Acting Insulin - onset
1-4 hours
Lang-Acting Insulin - peak
none - 8 hours
Lang-Acting Insulin - duration
5.7-24 hours
Insulin glargine injection
Lantus
Insulin detemir injection
Levemir
Sulfonylurea - 2nd generation - function
Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells and increase sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells
Sulfonylurea - 2nd generation - examples
- Glipizide (Glucotrol)
Meglitinide Analogs - function
- Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells; prevent post-meal blood glucose elevation;
Meglitinide Analogs - types
- Repaglinide (Prandin)
Biguanides - function
Lowers basal and post-meal blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose production and increase tissue sensitivity; reduces insulin resistance
Biguanides - types
Metformin (Glucophage)
Alpha Gucosidase Inhibitors - function
Prevent post-meal blood glucose elevation; block enzymes in the small intestine that break down complex carbs; digestion of glucose is delayed
Alpha Gucosidase Inhibitors - types
- Acarbose (Precose)
Thiazolidinediones - function
Improves tissue sensitivity to insulin; reduce insulin resistance; inhibit hepatic glucogenesis
Thiazolidinediones - types
- Pioglitazone (Actos)
