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Nursing Fundamentals II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

Anterior Pituitary Gland - hormones

A
  1. growth hormone
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2
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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3
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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4
Q

growth hormone (somatotropin) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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5
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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6
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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7
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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8
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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9
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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11
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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12
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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13
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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14
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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15
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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16
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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17
Q

prolactin - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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18
Q

prolactin - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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19
Q

prolactin - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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20
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - function

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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21
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - excess

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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22
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) - deficit

A
  1. anterior pituitary
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23
Q

posterior pituitary gland - hormone

A
  1. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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24
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - function

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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25
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - excess

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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26
Q

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - deficit

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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27
Q

oxytocin - function

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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28
Q

oxytocin - excess

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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29
Q

oxytocin - deficit

A
  1. posterior pituitary
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30
Q

thyroid - hormone

A
  1. thyroxine (T3 & T4)
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31
Q

thyroxine (T3 & T4) - function

A
  1. thyroid
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32
Q

thyroxine (T3 & T4) - excess

A
  1. thyroid
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33
Q

thyroxine (T3 & T4) - deficit

A
  1. thyroid
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34
Q

calcitonin - function

A
  1. thyroid
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35
Q

calcitonin - excess

A
  1. thyroid
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36
Q

calcitonin - deficit

A
  1. thyroid
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37
Q

parathyroid - horomone

A

parathyroid (PTH)

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38
Q

parathyroid (PTH) - function

A
  1. parathyroid
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39
Q

parathyroid (PTH) - excess

A
  1. parathyroid
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40
Q

parathyroid (PTH) - deficit

A
  1. parathyroid
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41
Q

adrenal cortex - hormones

A
  1. glucocorticoids
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42
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone) - function

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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43
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone - excess

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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44
Q

Glucocorticoids (Cortisol, Cortisone, and Corticosterone- deficit

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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45
Q

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - function

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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46
Q

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - excess

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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47
Q

Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone, Deoxycorticosterone) - deficit

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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48
Q

sex hormones (androgen & estrogen) - function

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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49
Q

sex hormones (androgen & estrogen) - excess

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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50
Q

sex hormones (androgen & estrogen)- deficit

A
  1. adrenal cortex
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51
Q

adrenal medulla - hormones

A
  1. epinephrine & adrenaline
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52
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline) - function

A
  1. adrenal medulla
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53
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline) - excess

A
  1. adrenal medulla
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54
Q

norepinephrine - function

A
  1. adrenal medulla
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55
Q

norepinephrine - excess

A
  1. adrenal medulla
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56
Q

norepinephrine - deficit

A
  1. adrenal medulla
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57
Q

pancreas - hormone

A
  1. insulin
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58
Q

insulin - function

A
  1. pancreas
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59
Q

insulin - excess

A
  1. pancreas
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60
Q

insulin - deficit

A
  1. pancreas
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61
Q

ovaries - hormone

A
  1. estrogen
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62
Q

estrogen & progesterone - function

A
  1. ovaries
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63
Q

estrogen & progesterone - excess

A
  1. ovaries
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64
Q

estrogen & progesterone - deficit

A
  1. ovaries
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65
Q

testes - hormone

A
  1. testosterone
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66
Q

testosterone - function

A
  1. testes
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67
Q

testosterone - excess

A
  1. testes
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68
Q

testosterone - deficit

A
  1. testes
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69
Q

thymus - hormone

A
  1. thymopoietin
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70
Q

thymopoietin - function

A
  1. thymus
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71
Q

thymopoietin - excess

A
  1. thymus
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72
Q

thymopoietin - deficit

A
  1. thymus
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73
Q

pineal - hormone

A
  1. melatonin
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74
Q

melatonin - function

A
  1. pineal
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75
Q

melatonin - excess

A
  1. pineal gland
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76
Q

melatonin - deficit

A
  1. pineal gland
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77
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline) - deficit

A
  1. adrenal medulla
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78
Q

How are hormones transported?

A

via the circulatory system to the target tissue

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79
Q

Where are the hormones transported?

A

to the target tissue

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80
Q

How are hormones classified?

A

molecular structure

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81
Q

What are steroids made of?

A

cholesterol

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82
Q

Are steroids soluble in water?

A

no

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83
Q

How are steroids carried in circulation?

A

proteins

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84
Q

what is an example of a peptide?

A

insulin with a rapid response time

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85
Q

what is an example of an amino acid derivatives?

A

thyroid hormones and catcholamines.

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86
Q

what is the response time of amino acid derivatives?

A

immediate

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87
Q

what system does the endocrine system work on?

A

negative feedback

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88
Q

what are the two major regulatory systems in the body?

A

endocrine and nervous

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89
Q

do endocrine glands have a physical connection?

A

no

90
Q

do endocrine glands have ducts?

A

no

91
Q

do hormones have a specific target?

A

yes; lock and key system

92
Q

another name for pituitary gland

A

hypophysis or master gland

93
Q

what gland tells other glands to secret hormones and when to hold back?

A

pituitary

94
Q

where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Very small about the size of a pea and is located in the brain below the hypothalmus

95
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

The pituitary gland and the hypothalmus are connected by a stalk known as the infundibulum

96
Q

what are the two parts of the pituitary?

A
  1. anterior or adenohypophysis
97
Q

If the patient experiences a problem within the posterior pituitary gland the patient will have problems with…

A

fluid and electrolyte imbalance

98
Q

where is the thyroid located?

A

Looks like a butterfly and has two lobes that sit on either side of the trachea

99
Q

isthmus

A

connects the two lobes of the thyroid

100
Q

what is stored in the thyroid?

A

iodine

101
Q

what are some symptoms of a goiter?

A

may impede respiratory system, crowd trachea or become hypo/hyper thyroid

102
Q

what controls BMR?

A

thyroid

103
Q

where is the parathyroid located?

A

posterior wall of the thyroid gland

104
Q

Does the parathyroid work separately from the thyroid?

A

yes

105
Q

how many parathyroid glands are there?

A

usually 4 to 6

106
Q

what does parahormone (PH) regulate?

A

Ca & Ph in the blood

107
Q

what is a complication of thyroid surgery?

A

Hypocalcemia

108
Q

symptoms of hypocalcemia

A

cardiac conditions, muscle twitching, jumpy and irritable, spasms

109
Q

what glands make up the adrenal glands

A
  1. Adrenal Medulla Gland
110
Q

where are the adrenal glands located?

A

Two small glands located on top of each kidney-one gland/kidney

111
Q

do the adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex work independently of each other?

A

yes

112
Q

what is required if adrenal glands are removed?

A

hormone therapy

113
Q

what portion of the pancreas belongs to the endocrine system?

A

islets of langerhans

114
Q

what does pancreas secrete?

A

insulin and glucagon

115
Q

where is the thymus gland located?

A

upper part of the thoracic cavity above the heart

116
Q

is the thymus important to the immune system?

A

yes

117
Q

why is there increased infection in infants and older adults?

A

underdeveloped and decreased thymus

118
Q

where is the pineal gland located?

A

Small pine-coned shaped gland located behind the mid-brain

119
Q

melatonin fluctuates by what in a person with normal vision?

A

NAME?

120
Q

melatonin fluctuates by what in a person with without vision?

A

-fluctuate 24.7 hr cycle

121
Q

where are ovaries located?

A

One on each side of the uterus which are the size and shape of an almond

122
Q

where do women get testosterone from?

A

pituitary

123
Q

where are testes located?

A

Two small glands located in the scrotum

124
Q

where do men get estrogen and progesterone from?

A

pituitary

125
Q

hypothalamus - function

A

secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to control secretion of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

126
Q

hypothalamus - excess

A

pituitary dysfunction

127
Q

hypothalamus - deficit

A

pituitary dysfunction

128
Q

pancreas (beta cells) - function

A

NAME?

129
Q

pancreas (beta cells) - excess

A

Hyperinsulinism and hypoglycemia

130
Q

pancreas (beta cells) - deficit

A

Diabetes Mellitus

131
Q

pancreas (alpha cells) - function

A

Glucagon-raises blood glucose levels by promoting hepatic glyocogenolysis and promotes glycogenesis; islets of langerhans

132
Q

pancreas (alpha cells) - excess

A

glucose intolerance and hyperglycemia

133
Q

pancreas (alpha cells) - deficit

A

under investigation but probably hypoglycemia

134
Q

what should someone due with “true hypoglycemia”?

A

eat 6 times/day

135
Q

if blood sugar is too low the body should..

A

produce glucagon

136
Q

pancreas (delta cells) - function

A

inhibits diverse endocrine functions and inhibits the release of insulin, glucagon, and somatotropin

137
Q

pancreas (delta cells) - excess

A

Hyperglycemia

138
Q

pancreas (delta cells) - deficit

A

unknown

139
Q

pancreas (delta cells)

A

Somatostatin

140
Q

pancreas (beta cells)

A

insulin

141
Q

pancreas (alpha cells)

A

glucagon

142
Q

decreased pancreatic results in…

A

decreased levels of lipase which makes it harder to digest fat

143
Q

steatorrhea

A

Decrease in the ability absorb fat-soluble vitamins and an increase in fat excreted via the gi tract, feces floats

144
Q

3 most common glands that show a decrease in function as a person ages…

A

gonads, thyroid, and endocrine portion of the pancreas

145
Q

Decreased ADH production..

A

more dilute urine

146
Q

Decreased estrogen production…

A

loss of bone density, skin loses elasticity and becomes thinner, vaginal changes, loss of ability to have children

147
Q

is there a decrease in glucose tolerance as you age?

A

yes

148
Q

is there a decrease in metabolism as you age?

A

yes

149
Q

Change in skin color…

A

addison’s - tan, bronze; full pituitary failure - get yellow waxy color; anterior pituitary - MSH excess/deficit

150
Q

Hard non-pitting edema could be a sign of myxedema

A

thyroxine, severe hypothyroidism, ability to process fluid comes to a halt

151
Q

Delayed healing

A

diabetes, hypothyroidism

152
Q

Change in skeletal structure, change in facial features, increased abdominal obesity but thinning of rest of body

A

acromegaly

153
Q

Any change in hair distribution or structure of hair?

A

testosterone, estrogen, thyroid

154
Q

Any edema

A

thyroid

155
Q

Change in vital signs

A

adrenal, thyroid

156
Q

Hypertension, tachycardia, flushing

A

significant hyperthyroidism, Pheochromocytoma

157
Q

Change in respiratory pattern

A

adrenal, hypothyroidism

158
Q

Weakness/Depression

A

adrenal, aldosterone, addison’s, acromegaly, cushings

159
Q

Change in mood

A

adrenal, possibly thyroid, cushing’s

160
Q

Drowsiness

A

Drowsiness

161
Q

Pain

A

acromegaly, dwarfism, PTH, high or low calcium

162
Q

Tremors

A

thyroid

163
Q

Loss or decreased sensation

A

diabetes

164
Q

Exophthalmos

A

bulging eyes, hyperthyroidism

165
Q

Change in vision

A

type 2 diabetes, adrenal dysfunction (blood pressure), pituitary tumor - quick onset accompanied by headache

166
Q

Glossitis

A

thyroid, diabetes

167
Q

Change in weight/bowel pattern/menstrual pattern/sexual relationship/Impotence/infertility

A

thyroid

168
Q

Signs of dehydration

A

ADH, pituitary

169
Q

Low back pain/Bone or joint pain/Muscle cramps/Tetany

A

first PTH then acromegaly

170
Q

Any chemotherapy and or radiation

A

higher risk for endocrine dysfunction, especially radiation in upper torso - pituitary failure

171
Q

Tests - TSH, T3, T4

A

thyroid disorder

172
Q

Tests - Thyroid titer

A

autoimmune

173
Q

Test - Parathyroid Function tests

A

PTH levels

174
Q

Tests for Adrenal Function

A

measure cortisol, Aldosterone; can do blood test but need 24 hr urine as well; looking for hormone and amt in urine, patient must know - keep in fridge/on ice, pick time, discard urine prior to start time, based on volume of urine in 24 hr, must save every specimen for full 24 hrs

175
Q

Glucose, Insulin, HgbA1C tests

A

diabetes

176
Q

Serum Cholesterol Test

A

adrenal, thyroid, diabetes; be under 200, if over 200 want lipid profile (cholesterol, trigl., hdl and ldl)

177
Q

Tests of Pituitary Function

A

blood test but more likely MRI and CT scan; people usually have a tumor

178
Q

Thyroid Scan

A

hypo/hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer

179
Q

Radioiodine Uptake

A

hyroid disease; can use it to see function of thyroid; can use to destroy thyroid, will totally destroy at least a portion in 3 mos; precautions - need to sleep alone (72 hours), don’t be around kids, flush toilet 3 times; do not assign a pregnant nurse or someone trying to conceive (fertility issues) to care for this person; people who have this test shed radioactive material

180
Q

Fine needle aspiration

A

thyroid, pituitary to check if it is benign

181
Q

Chevostek’s sign

A

tap the patient’s facial nerve just in front of the earlobe or near the corner of the mouth. If this prompts twitching of the facial muscles on the side tested this is a positive response that indicates hypocalcemia. The more pronounced the response the higher the degree of hypocalcemia.

182
Q

Trousseau’s sign

A

Place a blood pressure cuff in the usual place and pump the cuff up to a comfortable level and maintain this for three minutes. If this produces carpal spasms it is a positive response for hypocalcemia

183
Q

Sexual Maturity Rating/Tanner

A

Five stages of development

184
Q

rapid acting insulin - types

A
  1. NovoLog
185
Q

rapid acting insulin - onset

A

.25-.3 hours

186
Q

rapid acting insulin - peak

A

.5-3 hours

187
Q

rapid acting insulin - duration

A

3-5 hours

188
Q

short acting insulin - types

A
  1. Humulin R
189
Q

short acting insulin - onset

A

.5 hours

190
Q

short acting insulin - peak

A

2.-5 hours

191
Q

short acting insulin - duration

A

5-8 hours

192
Q

Humulin R (U-500) - onset

A

1.5 hours

193
Q

Humulin R (U-500) - peak

A

4-12 hours

194
Q

Humulin R (U-500)

A

24 hours

195
Q

Intermediate-Acting Insulin - types

A
  1. Humulin N
196
Q

Intermediate-Acting Insulin - onset

A

.5 hours

197
Q

Intermediate-Acting Insulin - peak

A

4-12 hours

198
Q

Intermediate-Acting Insulin - duration

A

24 hours

199
Q

Insulin aspart

A

NovoLog

200
Q

Insulin glulisine

A

Apidra

201
Q

Human lispro injection

A

Humalog

202
Q

Regular human insulin injection

A
  1. Humulin R
203
Q

Humulin R (concentrated U-500)

A

Humulin R (U-500)

204
Q

Isophane Insulin NPH injection

A
  1. Humulin N
205
Q

Lang-Acting Insulin - types

A
  1. lantus
206
Q

Lang-Acting Insulin - onset

A

1-4 hours

207
Q

Lang-Acting Insulin - peak

A

none - 8 hours

208
Q

Lang-Acting Insulin - duration

A

5.7-24 hours

209
Q

Insulin glargine injection

A

Lantus

210
Q

Insulin detemir injection

A

Levemir

211
Q

Sulfonylurea - 2nd generation - function

A

Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells and increase sensitivity of insulin receptors on target cells

212
Q

Sulfonylurea - 2nd generation - examples

A
  1. Glipizide (Glucotrol)
213
Q

Meglitinide Analogs - function

A
  1. Increase insulin secretion from pancreatic islet cells; prevent post-meal blood glucose elevation;
214
Q

Meglitinide Analogs - types

A
  1. Repaglinide (Prandin)
215
Q

Biguanides - function

A

Lowers basal and post-meal blood glucose by reducing hepatic glucose production and increase tissue sensitivity; reduces insulin resistance

216
Q

Biguanides - types

A

Metformin (Glucophage)

217
Q

Alpha Gucosidase Inhibitors - function

A

Prevent post-meal blood glucose elevation; block enzymes in the small intestine that break down complex carbs; digestion of glucose is delayed

218
Q

Alpha Gucosidase Inhibitors - types

A
  1. Acarbose (Precose)
219
Q

Thiazolidinediones - function

A

Improves tissue sensitivity to insulin; reduce insulin resistance; inhibit hepatic glucogenesis

220
Q

Thiazolidinediones - types

A
  1. Pioglitazone (Actos)

Nursing Fundamentals II (13 decks)

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