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GI Flashcards

0
Q

Lab markers for biliary damage

A

Alk phos, GGT

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1
Q

Labs indicating hepato cellular damage

A

AST, ALT

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2
Q

Lab markers for liver function (most important in prognosis for cirrhosis)

A

Serum albumin levels, Prothrombin time Bilirubin levels (all made in liver)

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3
Q

Cause of hyper Acute transplant rejection and grace/Histology description

A

Cause: preformed antibodies in a host against donor
Morph: Gross mottling and cyanosis arterial fibroid necrosis and capillary thrombotic occlusio

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4
Q

Cause of acute transplant rejection and gross/histology

A

Cause: donor antigens induces humoral/Cellular activation of immune cells
Humoral: C4d deposition, neutrophil infiltrate, necrotizing vasculitis
Cellular: lymphocytic interstitial infiltrate and endothelitis

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5
Q

Cause of chronic transplant rejection and gross/histology

A

Cause: chronic low-grade immune reaction refractory to immunosuppression
Morphology: vascular wall thickening and luminal narrowing, interstitial fibrosis and parenchyma atrophy

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7
Q

Treatment for carcinoid syndrome symptoms and mechanism of action

A

Octreotide

somatostatin Analog that inhibits secretion of hormones, stops secretory diarrhea

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8
Q

malformations associated with imperforate anus

A

most common: urogenital tract anomolies

VACTRL

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9
Q

suppression of 7 alpha hydroxylase

A

increased cholesterol because there is decreased conversion to bile acids–> increase in gallstones

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10
Q

ulcers in what part of the GI tract is least associated with carcinoma in that location

A

duodenum

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11
Q

most likely outcome after HCV infection

A

stable chronic hepatitis

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12
Q

most likely outcome after HBV infection

A

clearance of infection

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13
Q

spider angiomata and gynecomastia in cirrhosis are due to

A

hyperestrogenism

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14
Q

what condition predisposes a patient to hematogenous dissemntation of candida

A

low neutrophil count

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15
Q

calories from 1g of
protein
carobs
fat

A

protein and carbs: 1g=4 cal

fat: 1g=9cal

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16
Q

type B chronic gastritis

A

erythema of antral mucosa with inflammatory cell infiltrates
associated with h. pylori
increased risk for gastric adenocarcinoma and MA:T lymphoma

17
Q

oral antibacteriocidal antibiotic with minimal systemic absorption for C diff colitis

A

fidaxomicin

vancomycin and metronidazole are bacteriostatic

18
Q

liver bx showing caverous blood filled vascular spaces

A

caverous hemangioma
most common benign liver tumor
do not bx–> very bloody

19
Q

How does crohns cause kidney stones

A

impaired bile acid absoprtion–> increased fat in stool
fat binds Ca in stool
oxalate cannot bind Ca and is reabsporbed (normally binds Ca and cannot be absorbed)
forms ca oxalate stones

20
Q

virus that buds from cell NUCLEAR membrane

A

CMV

herpes virus

21
Q

define mucosal erosions

A

does not extend through the muscularis mucosa

ulcer penetrates muscularis mucosa

22
Q

How does shigella intiate infection

A

gets into GI mucosa through M cells in Peyer’s patches in ileum through endocytosis
lyses endosome and multiples–> spreads through epithelial cells

23
Q

lynch syndrome associated with what mutation and problem

A

p53, defect in DNA mismatch repair genes

24
Q

liver bx with eosionphilic ground glass appearance

cytoplasm filled with spheres and tubules

A

HBV

25
Q

what is the function of proparkyotic 16s rRNA

A

it is part of the 30s ribosome and binds to prokaryotic mRNA before AUG to prep for protein translation

once bound to 30s–> initiator tRNA binds and 50s ribosome binds to start translation

26
Q

liver disease in person having unprotected sex

A

HBV

27
Q

What step in TCA cycle requires thiamine (B1)

A

alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

alpha ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA

28
Q

describe the mechanism of brown gallstones

A

infection of biliary tract–> release of beta glucuronidases–> increases unconj bilirubin

brown stones

29
Q

abdominal pain, greasy stool, weight loss

SI bx showing foamy macrophages with PAS positive granules

A

Whipples disease: Tropheryma whippelii

granules= partially digested bacteria in lysosomes
may also have polyarthritis, psychiatric cardiac abnormailities

Tx with abx

30
Q

what is pink on a PAS stain with diastase

A

polysaccarides in fungal cell wall
mucosubstances secreted from the epithelia
basement membranes

diastase digests glycogen–> washed out during processing.

31
Q

strogyloides infection test

A

rhabditiform (non infectious) larvae in stool

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