GI Flashcards
characterized by increased tone and pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), diminished to absent peristalsis in the distal portion of the esophagus and lack of a coordinated LES relaxation in response to swallowing.
Achalasia
4 esophageal motility disorders
Achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus and hypertensive lower esophageal spasm
lymphocytic infiltration of Auerbach’s plexus and destruction of ganglion cells is likely the underlying pathophysiology that results in this condition.
Achalasia
contractions are uncoordinated and several segments of the esophagus contract simultaneously
Diffuse esophageal spasm
contractions proceed in a coordinated manner but the amplitude is excessive.
Nutcracker esophagus
bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
The tear involves mucosa and submucosa but not the muscular layer.
Usually caused by severe coughing, retching or vomiting.
Mallory-Weiss tear
full thickness tear or rupture of the esophageal wall that can occur as a consequence of severe retching or vomiting.
Boerhaave’s Syndrome
condition characterized by mucosal damage to the esophageal lining due to stomach acid reaching the esophagus.
GERD
autoimmune disorder of the small intestine caused by a reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein found in wheat and other common grains such as barley and rye.
Celiac dz
leads to villous atrophy (shortening of the villi lining the small intestine).
celiac dz
can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus (skip lesions), although a majority of the cases start in the terminal ileum.
Crohn’s
is restricted to the colon and the rectum.
ulcerative colitis
Microscopically, … is restricted to the mucosa while …. affects the whole bowel wall (“transmural lesions”).
ulcerative colitis / crohn’s
Most common cause of viral enteritis
Norwalk virus
Most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children
rotovirus
picnic food poisoning
staph aureus
chinese restaurant food poisoning
b. cereus
food poisoning from salt water crabs and shrimp
vibrio
canned fruits and veggies food poisoning
botulism
an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentation (i.e. lesions on the face, lips, and buccal mucosa) and benign GI hamartomas.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Histologically, the lesions seen in …. feature a distinctive frond-like appearance with a stromal/smooth muscle core that is covered by acinar glands and normal mucosa. Nuclear atypia is absent.
puetz-jeghers
(benign/pre-malignant/malignant) hyperplastic polyp
benign
(benign/pre-malignant/malignant) tubular adenoma
pre-malignant
(benign/pre-malignant/malignant) colorectal adenocarcinoma
malignant
Most common type of poyp in the colon
hyperplastic
glands that are more irregular and contain darker and more crowded nuclei. This neoplasm is benign and well-differentiated, as it still closely resembles the normal colonic structure.
adenomatous polyp
polyp that is stalk-like
adenomatous polyp
sessile polyp
villouos adenoma
tubular adenoma
adenomatous polyp
characterized by the appearance of multiple polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, usually in a child, adolescent or young adult.
Juvenile polyposis syndrome
While the majority of the polyps found in … are non-neoplastic, hamartomatous, self-limiting and benign, there is an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome
an inherited condition in which hundreds to thousands of polyps form mainly in the epithelium of the large intestine.
Familial adenomatous polyposis
While these polyps start out benign, malignant transformation into colon cancer occurs when not treated
Familial adenomatous polyposis
The combination of polyposis, osteomas, fibromas and sebaceous cysts is termed
Gardner’s Syndrome
