GI

Question 0

characterized by increased tone and pressure at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), diminished to absent peristalsis in the distal portion of the esophagus and lack of a coordinated LES relaxation in response to swallowing.

Answer 0

Achalasia

Question 1

4 esophageal motility disorders

Answer 1

Achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus and hypertensive lower esophageal spasm

Question 2

lymphocytic infiltration of Auerbach’s plexus and destruction of ganglion cells is likely the underlying pathophysiology that results in this condition.

Answer 2

Achalasia

Question 3

contractions are uncoordinated and several segments of the esophagus contract simultaneously

Answer 3

Diffuse esophageal spasm

Question 4

contractions proceed in a coordinated manner but the amplitude is excessive.

Answer 4

Nutcracker esophagus

Question 5

bleeding from tears in the mucosa at the junction of the stomach and esophagus

Answer 5

Mallory-Weiss syndrome

Question 6

The tear involves mucosa and submucosa but not the muscular layer.
Usually caused by severe coughing, retching or vomiting.

Answer 6

Mallory-Weiss tear

Question 7

full thickness tear or rupture of the esophageal wall that can occur as a consequence of severe retching or vomiting.

Answer 7

Boerhaave’s Syndrome

Question 8

condition characterized by mucosal damage to the esophageal lining due to stomach acid reaching the esophagus.

Answer 8

GERD

Question 9

autoimmune disorder of the small intestine caused by a reaction to gliadin, a gluten protein found in wheat and other common grains such as barley and rye.

Answer 9

Celiac dz

Question 10

leads to villous atrophy (shortening of the villi lining the small intestine).

Answer 10

celiac dz

Question 11

can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus (skip lesions), although a majority of the cases start in the terminal ileum.

Answer 11

Crohn’s

Question 12

is restricted to the colon and the rectum.

Answer 12

ulcerative colitis

Question 13

Microscopically, … is restricted to the mucosa while …. affects the whole bowel wall (“transmural lesions”).

Answer 13

ulcerative colitis / crohn’s

Question 14

Most common cause of viral enteritis

Answer 14

Norwalk virus

Question 15

Most common cause of severe diarrhea in infants and young children

Answer 15

rotovirus

Question 16

picnic food poisoning

Answer 16

staph aureus

Question 17

chinese restaurant food poisoning

Answer 17

b. cereus

Question 18

food poisoning from salt water crabs and shrimp

Answer 18

vibrio

Question 19

canned fruits and veggies food poisoning

Answer 19

botulism

Question 20

an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by mucocutaneous pigmentation (i.e. lesions on the face, lips, and buccal mucosa) and benign GI hamartomas.

Answer 20

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Question 21

Histologically, the lesions seen in …. feature a distinctive frond-like appearance with a stromal/smooth muscle core that is covered by acinar glands and normal mucosa. Nuclear atypia is absent.

Answer 21

puetz-jeghers

Question 22

(benign/pre-malignant/malignant) hyperplastic polyp

Answer 22

benign

Question 23

(benign/pre-malignant/malignant) tubular adenoma

Answer 23

pre-malignant

Question 24

(benign/pre-malignant/malignant) colorectal adenocarcinoma

Answer 24

malignant

Question 25

Most common type of poyp in the colon

Answer 25

hyperplastic

Question 26

glands that are more irregular and contain darker and more crowded nuclei. This neoplasm is benign and well-differentiated, as it still closely resembles the normal colonic structure.

Answer 26

adenomatous polyp

Question 27

polyp that is stalk-like

Answer 27

adenomatous polyp

Question 28

sessile polyp

Answer 28

villouos adenoma

Question 29

tubular adenoma

Answer 29

adenomatous polyp

Question 30

characterized by the appearance of multiple polyps in the gastrointestinal tract, usually in a child, adolescent or young adult.

Answer 30

Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Question 31

While the majority of the polyps found in … are non-neoplastic, hamartomatous, self-limiting and benign, there is an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma.

Answer 31

Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome

Question 32

an inherited condition in which hundreds to thousands of polyps form mainly in the epithelium of the large intestine.

Answer 32

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Question 33

While these polyps start out benign, malignant transformation into colon cancer occurs when not treated

Answer 33

Familial adenomatous polyposis

Question 34

The combination of polyposis, osteomas, fibromas and sebaceous cysts is termed

Answer 34

Gardner’s Syndrome