Cardio

Question 0

Which category of non ischemic cardiomyopathies makes up 90%?

Answer 0

Dilated

Question 1

What are the 3 major categories of cardiomyopathies?

Answer 1

Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive

Question 2

…. cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlargement and dilatation of all four chambers of the heart.

Answer 2

dilated

Question 3

Many of these cases have no known etiology and are referred to as idiopathic cardiomyopathy.

Answer 3

dilated

Question 4

The most common cause of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in the U.S. is

Answer 4

chronic alcoholism

Question 5

(Cardiomyopathy) nonspecific cellular abnormalities, including variations in myocyte size, myocyte vacuolation, loss of myofibrillar material and/ or fibrosis.

Answer 5

Dilated

Question 6

Cardiomyopathy characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, abnormal diastolic filling and in about one third of cases, intermittent ventricular outflow obstruction

Answer 6

Hypertrophic

Question 7

(cardiomyopathy) Microscopically, the heart demonstrates hypertrophy of myocardial fibers (which also have prominent dark nuclei) along with interstitial
fibrosis.

Answer 7

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

Question 8

The heart becomes thick-walled, heavy, and hyper-contracting

Answer 8

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 9

The essential feature of …. is massive myocardial hypertrophy without ventricular dilation.

Answer 9

HCM

Question 10

A classic appearance of…is the disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum as compared with the free wall of the ventricle.

Answer 10

HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)

Question 11

Marked left ventricular hypertrophy, with bulging of a very large interventricular septum into the left ventricular chamber.

Answer 11

HCM

Question 12

In …. cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is usually infiltrated with abnormal tissue that results in impaired ventricular wall motion with abnormal ventricular wall contraction and relaxation.

Answer 12

restrictive

Question 13

The most common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy are …. (2)

Answer 13

amyloidosis and hemochromatosis.

Question 14

amorphous deposits of pale pink material between myocardial fibers.

Answer 14

amyloidosis

Question 15

where does the process of endocarditis begin?

Answer 15

on the lines of closure, where pressure is the greatest (atrial surfaces of the atrioventricular valves and the ventricular surfaces of the semilunar valves)

Question 16

collections of infected thrombotic debris deposited on and around the affected valve.

Answer 16

vegetations

Question 17

Which valves are most commonly affected by endocarditis?

Answer 17

Aortic and mitral

Question 18

friable … of fibrin and platelets (pink) mixed with inflammatory cells and bacterial colonies
(blue).

Answer 18

vegetations

Question 19

rapidly developing, destructive infection – often of a previously normal heart valve.

Answer 19

Acute

Question 20

usually involves an already damaged valve and most often occurs due to infection with a less virulent organism.

Answer 20

sub acute endocarditis

Question 21

Splinter hemorrhages and Roth’s spots

Answer 21

sub acute endocarditis

Question 22

Main cause of sub-acute endocarditis

Answer 22

strep viridins (alpha hemolytic strep)

Question 23

Most common cause of endocarditis of a native valve

Answer 23

strep viridins

Question 24

Libman-Sacks endocarditis

Answer 24

Endocarditis associated with collagen vascular dz (SLE)

Question 25

endocarditis that results from an underlying hypercoagulable state also known as Trousseau’s syndrome, a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with malignancies.

Answer 25

Maranic

Question 26

A fibrinous or fibrino-hemorrhagic …. often develops on the second third or fourth day following a transmural myocardial infarction as a result of the inflammatory epicardial response to the underlying myocardial injury.

Answer 26

pericarditis

Question 27

the name commonly given to the form of pericarditis that occurs weeks to months after injury to the heart or the pericardium.

Answer 27

Dressler’s Syndrome

Question 28

It is presumed to be an auto-immune response to myocardial antigens.

Answer 28

Dressler’s Syndrome

Question 29

… is the failure of a valve to open completely, thereby impeding forward flow.

Answer 29

stenosis

Question 30

… results from failure of a valve to close completely, thereby allowing reversed flow.

Answer 30

insufficiency

Question 31

Which 2 conditions account for over 2/3 of all valvular diseases?

Answer 31

Aortic stenosis, mitral valve stenosis

Question 32

Which is the most common of all the valvular diseases?

Answer 32

aortic stenosis

Question 33

Degenerative calcific deposits can develop in the fibrous ring (annulus) of the mitral valve, as hard, irregular and occasionally ulcerated nodules that lie behind the leaflets.

Answer 33

Mitral annular calcification

Question 34

In this valvular abnormality, one or more leaflets are “floppy”, or balloon back into the atrium during systole.

Answer 34

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 35

Which infection can cause rheumatic fever?

Answer 35

group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)

Question 36

post-streptococcal acute rheumatic fever is likely due to an autoimmune response caused by

Answer 36

anti-streptococcal M protein antibodies which cross-react with cardiac myosin.

Question 37

What is a valvular complication of rheumatic fever?

Answer 37

Mitral stenosis