Cardio Flashcards
Which category of non ischemic cardiomyopathies makes up 90%?
Dilated
What are the 3 major categories of cardiomyopathies?
Dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive
…. cardiomyopathy is characterized by enlargement and dilatation of all four chambers of the heart.
dilated
Many of these cases have no known etiology and are referred to as idiopathic cardiomyopathy.
dilated
The most common cause of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in the U.S. is
chronic alcoholism
(Cardiomyopathy) nonspecific cellular abnormalities, including variations in myocyte size, myocyte vacuolation, loss of myofibrillar material and/ or fibrosis.
Dilated
Cardiomyopathy characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, abnormal diastolic filling and in about one third of cases, intermittent ventricular outflow obstruction
Hypertrophic
(cardiomyopathy) Microscopically, the heart demonstrates hypertrophy of myocardial fibers (which also have prominent dark nuclei) along with interstitial
fibrosis.
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
The heart becomes thick-walled, heavy, and hyper-contracting
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
The essential feature of …. is massive myocardial hypertrophy without ventricular dilation.
HCM
A classic appearance of…is the disproportionate thickening of the ventricular septum as compared with the free wall of the ventricle.
HCM (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy)
Marked left ventricular hypertrophy, with bulging of a very large interventricular septum into the left ventricular chamber.
HCM
In …. cardiomyopathy, the myocardium is usually infiltrated with abnormal tissue that results in impaired ventricular wall motion with abnormal ventricular wall contraction and relaxation.
restrictive
The most common causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy are …. (2)
amyloidosis and hemochromatosis.
amorphous deposits of pale pink material between myocardial fibers.
amyloidosis
where does the process of endocarditis begin?
on the lines of closure, where pressure is the greatest (atrial surfaces of the atrioventricular valves and the ventricular surfaces of the semilunar valves)
collections of infected thrombotic debris deposited on and around the affected valve.
vegetations
Which valves are most commonly affected by endocarditis?
Aortic and mitral
friable … of fibrin and platelets (pink) mixed with inflammatory cells and bacterial colonies
(blue).
vegetations
rapidly developing, destructive infection – often of a previously normal heart valve.
Acute
usually involves an already damaged valve and most often occurs due to infection with a less virulent organism.
sub acute endocarditis
Splinter hemorrhages and Roth’s spots
sub acute endocarditis
Main cause of sub-acute endocarditis
strep viridins (alpha hemolytic strep)
Most common cause of endocarditis of a native valve
strep viridins
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
Endocarditis associated with collagen vascular dz (SLE)
endocarditis that results from an underlying hypercoagulable state also known as Trousseau’s syndrome, a paraneoplastic syndrome associated with malignancies.
Maranic
A fibrinous or fibrino-hemorrhagic …. often develops on the second third or fourth day following a transmural myocardial infarction as a result of the inflammatory epicardial response to the underlying myocardial injury.
pericarditis
the name commonly given to the form of pericarditis that occurs weeks to months after injury to the heart or the pericardium.
Dressler’s Syndrome
It is presumed to be an auto-immune response to myocardial antigens.
Dressler’s Syndrome
… is the failure of a valve to open completely, thereby impeding forward flow.
stenosis
… results from failure of a valve to close completely, thereby allowing reversed flow.
insufficiency
Which 2 conditions account for over 2/3 of all valvular diseases?
Aortic stenosis, mitral valve stenosis
Which is the most common of all the valvular diseases?
aortic stenosis
Degenerative calcific deposits can develop in the fibrous ring (annulus) of the mitral valve, as hard, irregular and occasionally ulcerated nodules that lie behind the leaflets.
Mitral annular calcification
In this valvular abnormality, one or more leaflets are “floppy”, or balloon back into the atrium during systole.
Mitral valve prolapse
Which infection can cause rheumatic fever?
group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes)
post-streptococcal acute rheumatic fever is likely due to an autoimmune response caused by
anti-streptococcal M protein antibodies which cross-react with cardiac myosin.
What is a valvular complication of rheumatic fever?
Mitral stenosis
