Gerontological Nursing Week 1 Flashcards
Exam 1
Historical Changes for Older Adults
What happened in 1935?
1935: significant step: Federal Old Age Insurance Law under the Social Security Act
Historical Changes for Older Adults
What happened in 1914?
1914: first geriatric textbook written by Dr. I.L. Nascher (known as “Father of Geriatrics”)
Historical Changes for Older Adults
1935: significant step: Federal Old Age Insurance Law under the Social Security Act
What was this?
Provision of some financial security for older adults
Historical Changes for Older Adults
What happened in 1965?
1965: formation of the Administration on Aging; enactment of Older Americans Act; introduction of Medicare and Medicaid
Development of Gerontological Nursing
1904?
1904: First article on care of older adults; published in American Journal of Nursing
Development of Gerontological Nursing
1961?
1961: ANA recommended specialty group for geriatric nurses
Development of Gerontological Nursing
1966:
1966: Division of Geriatric Nursing specialty of Gerontological Nursing
Development of Gerontological Nursing
1969-1970:
1969-70: Standards for Geriatric Nursing Practice
Development of Gerontological Nursing
1975:
1975: Certification for Geriatric Nursing
Nursing Care of the Older Adult
Geriatrics:
focuses on physiology, pathology, diagnosis, management of disorders, and diseases of older adults.
Nursing Care of the Older Adult:
What kind of approach does it take?
An interdisciplinary approach to providing care combines expertise and resources to provide comprehensive geriatric assessment and intervention.
Nursing Care of the Older Adult:
Gerontologic/geriatric nursing: What is it?
Gerontologic/geriatric nursing: nursing process applied to older adults in all environments, including acute, intermediate, skilled care, and in the community
Nursing Care of the Older Adult:
Gerontology: What is it?
combined biologic, psychological, sociologic study of older adults within their environment
Nursing Care of the Older Adult:
Gerontological nursing: What is it?
gaining respect and experiencing growth
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
include?
Evidence-based practice
Standards of nursing practice
Nursing Management of the older adult
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Evidence-based practice
What does it rely on?
Relies on synthesis and analysis of information
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Evidence-based practice
What is benchmarking?
Benchmarking: performance compared with best practices
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Evidence-based practice
Nursing practice decision-making follows what?
Nursing practice decision-making follows research
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Standards for nursing practice:
What does it do?
Guide and evaluate nursing practice
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Standards for nursing practice:
What does it include?
State and federal regulations
Joint Commission
ANA Standards
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Nursing Management of the older adult:
What does it support?
Supporting cognitive function
Supporting home, community-based, and transitional care
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Nursing Management of the older adult:
What does it promote?
Promoting physical safety
Promoting independence in self-care activities
Promoting adequate nutrition
Promoting balanced activity and rest
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Nursing Management of the older adult:
What does it reduce?
Reducing anxiety and agitation
Core Elements of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Nursing Management of the older adult:
What does it improve?
Improving communication
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice
What is responsible for defining scope and standards of practice?
ANA responsible for defining scope and standards of practice
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice
What is it a guide for?
A guide for current practice, applicable to practice across the continuum of care
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice
Who was the Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice developed by? When? When revised?
Originally developed in 1969 by the American Nurses Association (ANA) and revised in 2018 (ANA, 2018).
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice
How many standards of gerontological nursing practice are there?
17 standards of gerontological nursing practice
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice
How are the standards of practice described?
Standards of practice described using the nursing process as framework.
Scope and Standards of Gerontological Nursing Practice
What is the goal of Gerontological Nursing?
The goal of gerontological nursing is to provide the highest quality of care to the older adults within a healthcare system facing an unprecedented increase of their numbers.
Certifications:
Who established certifications? Why?
Established by the ANA for the purpose of recognizing professional achievement in specific clinical or functional areas of nursing
Certifications
Nurse gerontologist: Who is this?
can be either a specialist or a generalist providing comprehensive nursing care to older adults by combining the basic nursing process with a specialized knowledge of aging.
Gerontologic nursing: Where is it provided?
Gerontologic nursing is provided in acute care, skilled and assisted living, the community, and home settings.
Gerontological Professional Organizations include what?
Gerontological Society of America
American Geriatrics Society
American Society for Aging
Association for Gerontology in Higher Education
Gerontological Advanced Practice Nurses Association (GAPNA)
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
What are the subsets?
Young-old: 60 to 74 years
Middle-old: 75 to 84 years
Old-old: 85 to 100 years
Centenarians: over 100 years
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Young-old?
Young-old: 60 to 74 years
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Middle-old?
Middle-old: 75 to 84 years
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Old-old?
Old-old: 85 to 100 years
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Centenarians?
Centenarians: over 100 years
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
What varies with each subset?
Profile, interests, and health care challenges vary with each subset
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Potential Economic Effects include what?
Social services
Health care costs of aging
Home health care
Hospice services
Aging with a disability
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Sandwich generation: Who is in it?
Women (40s-50s)
Subsets of the Older Adult Population
Sandwich generation: What do they do?
take care of their children and their aging parents.
Sandwich deal with more stress.
Baby Boomers:
Who is included in this?
Individuals born between 1946 to 1964
Baby Boomers:
When did the first baby boomers turn 65?
January 1, 2011, beginning of baby boomers turning 65
Baby Boomers
What are some qualities of these people?
Diverse group
Better educated
Enamored with “high-tech” products
Inventors of “fitness movement”
Informed consumers
Baby Boomers
What does these people demand?
Will demand changes in long-term care
Baby Boomers
What percent of baby boom generation is now 65 and older?
more than two-fifths (41%) of the “baby boom” generation is now age 65 and older.
Attitudes and Stereotypes towards Older Adults
Ageism:
a bias that discriminates, stigmatizes, and disadvantages older adults based solely on their chronologic age
Demographics of Aging
How has the proportion of Americans 65 and older changed in the past 100 years?
The proportion of Americans 65 years of age and older has tripled in the past 100 years
Attitudes and Stereotypes towards Older Adults
What are the effects of ageism?
Reduced health care from providers of care
Less health education and teaching
May be regarded as not eligible for certain therapies or programs ex: rehab, certain types of surgeries
Treated socially and medically based on myths and stereotypes
Demographics of Aging
What percent of the population do Americans 65 and older represent?
They represented 16% of the population, more than one in every seven Americans.
Demographics of Aging
The number of older Americans has changed how compared to 2009?
The number of older Americans has increased by 14.4 million (or 36%) since 2009, compared to an increase of 3% for the under-65 population.
Demographics of Aging
How does life expectancy vary?
Life expectancy varies by gender and race
Demographics of Aging
Life expectancy has risen dramatically in the past 100 years
Just read slide
1900: 47 years
1930: 59.7 years
1965: 70.2 years
2009 :78.8 yeas
2016 : decreased 0.2% to 78.6 years
2022 : 79.05 years
Demographics of Aging
How has life expectancy changed in the past 100 years?
Life expectancy has risen dramatically in the past 100 years
Demographics of Aging
What is the current life expectancy for the US in 2022?
How has the life expectancy been changing?
The current life expectancy for U.S. in 2022 is 79.05 years, a 0.08% increase from 2021.
The life expectancy for U.S. in 2021 was 78.99 years, a 0.08% increase from 2020.
The life expectancy for U.S. in 2020 was 78.93 years, a 0.08% increase from 2019.
*doesn’t include COVID-19 impact
Demographics of Aging
What is the Profile of Older Americans?
The Profile of Older Americans is an annual summary of critical statistics related to the older population in the United States.
Demographics of Aging
What is does the Profile of Older Americans illustrate?
The Profile illustrates the shifting demographics of Americans age 65 and older.
It includes key topic areas such as income, living arrangements, education, health, and caregiving.
The 2020Profile includes special sections on COVID-19 and mental health.
Demographic & Epidemiological Factors
How have infant mortality rates been since the turn of the century?
Decreased in infant mortality rates since turn of the century
Demographic & Epidemiological Factors
What improvements have there been?
“Control” of infectious diseases
Improvement in environmental and social conditions
Behavioral or lifestyle changes
Demographic & Epidemiological Factors
Why is the growth of the population age 65 and older predicted to grow? Who faces the challenges of the growing older population?
**The growth of the population age 65 and over, predicted by researchers to swell in part because of declining death rates at older ages,
affects many aspects of our society, presenting challenges to families, businesses, health care providers, and policymakers, among others, to meet the needs of aging individuals.
Life Expectancy: What does it represent?
It represents the average number of years of life remaining to a person at a given age if death rates remain constant.
Life Expectancy: What is it a summary of?
Life expectancy is a summary measure of the overall health of a population.
Life expectancy: How does it differ among people?
However, there are differences in life expectancy by socioeconomic status, and these differences have been increasing over time.
Life expectancy in the United States compare to other industrialized countries?
Life expectancy in the United States is lower than in many other industrialized countries
What is the educational attainment of the population age 65 and over throughout the years?
Educational attainment is growing.
Health Care Expenditures:
What poses a major concern for older Americans?
Health care costs pose a major concern for older Americans.
Health Care Expenditures:
What poses a major concern for older Americans?
How do healthcare costs vary among people ages 65 and older?
Among Medicare beneficiaries age 65 and over, these costs vary by demographic characteristics such as income, health status, and access to health care.
Health Care Expenditures:
What kind of individuals incur lower health care costs?
On average, individuals with no chronic health conditions incur lower health care costs.
Health Care Expenditures:
How are healthcare costs broken down?
*Health care costs can be broken down among different types of goods and services.
Health Care Expenditures:
What provides an indication of the health status and needs of older Americans?
The amount of money older Americans spend on health care and the type of health care that they receive provide an indication of the health status and needs of older Americans in different age and income groups.
Health Care Expenditures:
As people age, what may result in disability for them?
What kind of limitations can this lead to?
As people age, illness or injury may result in disability, including limitations in vision, hearing, mobility, communication, cognition, or self-care.
Health Care Expenditures:
As people age, illness or injury may result in disability, including limitations in vision, hearing, mobility, communication, cognition, or self-care. These changes may have important implications for what?
for work and retirement policies, health and long-term care needs, and policies affecting the built environment, all of which affect the well-being of the older population and the ability to fully and independently participate in society
Gender stats.
How do the levels of elderly men compare to elderly women?
In 2019, the population age 65+ was 54.1 million—30 million women and 24.1 million men.
Gender stats.
In 2020, how did the the number of elderly married men compare to elderly married women?
In 2020, a larger percentage of older men (70%) than older women (48%) were married.
Gender stats.
How does life expectancy between women and men compare?
Women have a longer life expectancy
Gender stats.
Why are men more likely to have a spouse to assist them with care?
Men likely to marry younger women.
Therefore, men are more likely to have a spouse to assist them in care
Mortality:
How are death rates for the population age 65 and over in recent decades?
Overall, death rates for the population age 65 and over have declined in recent decades.
Income:
How should we get a complete picture of the economic situation of older Americans?
*The percentage of people living below the poverty line does not give a complete picture of the economic situation of older Americans.
Examining the income distribution of the population age 65 and over and their median income provides additional insights into their economic well-being.
Income:
In 2018, what percent of the older population age 65 and older lived in poverty?
What percent was in the low-income group?
*In 2018, 10 percent of the older population age 65 and over lived in poverty, and 20 percent of the older population was in the low-income group.
Income:
Don’t understand
People in the high-income group made up the largest single share of older people by income category (40 percent) in 2018.
Sources of Payment for Health Care Services
What are Medicare’s payments focused on?
Medicare’s payments are focused on acute care services such as hospitals and physicians.
Sources of Payment for Health Care Services
What is paid for out of pocket or by other payers?
Historically, long-term care facilities, prescription drugs, and dental care have been primarily financed out of pocket or by other payers.
INDICATOR 33: Sources of Payment for Health Care Services
What does Medicare Part D cover?
*Medicare coverage of prescription drugs, including a low-income subsidy, began in January 2006. (medicare part D)
INDICATOR 33: Sources of Payment for Health Care Services
What is NOT covered by Medicare?
Long term nursing home care facilities are still paid for out of pocket and are not covered by medicare.
INDICATOR 33: Sources of Payment for Health Care Services
How much is Dental Care covered by?
Dental care is covered only by 2%.
INDICATOR 37: Long-Term Care Providers
What does long term care refer to?
Long-term care refers to a broad range of services and supports to meet the needs of frail older adults and other people who are limited in their abilities for self-care because of chronic illness, disability, or other health-related conditions.
INDICATOR 37: Long-Term Care Providers
What does long term care services include?
Long-term care services include health care-related services and services that are not health care related;
they include assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs),
assistance with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), and health maintenance tasks.
INDICATOR 37: Long-Term Care Providers
Where does long term care services occur?
Care can be provided in the home or in a variety of other settings.
INDICATOR 1: Number of Older Americans ( continued)
They live in farm states and do physical work. They help take care of grandchildren. Multiple generations are together.
Usually the area is flat.
To be physical and eat healthy = cognitively engaged.
Summary of facts:
Mortality: What is the leading cause of death in older adults (1,2,3)
Mortality- leading cause of death for older adults #1 heart disease #2 cancer #3 stroke
Summary of facts:
A large number of older adults are living how?
A large number of older adults live longer with chronic diseases
Summary of facts:
What percent of older adults live in a nursing home?
Less than 5% of older adults under the age 85 and 7 % of older adults over the age of 85 - live in a nursing home at some point.
Summary of facts:
Where do most older adults live?
Most older adults live in the community
Summary of facts:
How do most older women adults live compared to men?
More older woman live alone than older man
Summary of facts:
Who is more likely to be married; older men or older women?
Most older men are married and most older women are not
Summary of facts:
Most people age 85 and older live in what kind of states in the US?
What state has the highest proportion of older adults?
People aged 85+ are clustered in the farm states,
Florida has the highest proportion of older adults
Summary of facts:
The greatest growth in the older adult population is those of what age?
*The greatest growth in the older adult population is for those aged 85 years and older; this population is projected to more than double from 6.4 million in 2016 to 14.6 million in 2040, a 129% increase (AoA, 2020).
Summary of facts:
What people have the longest life expectancy?
White women having the longest life expectancy.
Summary of facts:
What is the difference in life expectancy between gender?
*The difference in life expectancy between the genders is a full 5 years.
Summary of Facts
What is a major nursing goal?
Nursing goal :How can we help older adults maintain wellness as they age?
Myths and Realities of Aging
Dreaded because it represents disability and death
“Old” on their 65th birthday
By the age of 75 years, people are quite homogeneous as a group
Ageism is a natural part of all societies
Families no longer care for older people
Older adults naturally withdraw from society
By the age of 70 years, an individual’s psychological growth is complete
Increased disability is attributable to age-related changes
Health-promotion efforts are not beneficial to those with two or more chronic conditions
Myths About Older Adults—(cont.)
About 20% of people aged 65 years and older live in nursing homes
Widowhood and other life events have a consistently negative impact
Inevitable decline in all intellectual abilities
Cannot learn complex new skills
Constipation
Urinary incontinence
Skin wrinkles
Sexually less active
Myths About Older Adults—(cont.)
More stuff
Health care professionals readily recognize adverse medication effects
“Senility” is normal
Older adults are depressed and should be allowed to withdraw from society
Myths About Older Adults
“Old” on their 65th birthday is a myth,
people really feel old based on what?
People usually feel old based on their health and function, rather than on their chronologic age.
Myths About Older Adults
Where does ageism more likely occur?
Ageism is more common in industrialized societies and is highly influenced by stereotypes and cultural values
Medicaid: What is it?
Health care for the poor of all ages
Medicaid: When was it made part of Federal law?
Federal law, 1965
Medicaid:
What is used to determine if someone gets Medicaid?
Income-based
Medicaid:
What is it funded by?
State and federally funded
Medicaid:
What does it fund?
Primary and hospital care
Health Insurance –Medicare
What is it and who is it for?
Medicare: health insurance program for ANYONE over the age of 65 regardless of financial status
Health Insurance –Medicare
What does Medicare cover?
Medicare covers acute care services and post-acute care settings, such as rehabilitation and long-term care hospitals, and does not cover long term nursing home care.
Health Insurance –Medicare
What are the parts of Medicare?
Part A: hospital and other services
Part B: medical visit services and other services
Part C: Medicare Advantage Plans
Part D: drug plan
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part A:
Part A: hospital and other services
Medicare Part A covers inpatient care in hospitals, critical access hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and other postacute care settings, such as rehabilitation and long-term care hospitals. It also covers hospice and some home health care.
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part B:
Part B: medical visit services and other services
Medicare Part B covers doctor’s services, outpatient hospital care, and durable medical equipment.
It also covers some other medical services that Medicare Part A does not cover, such as physical and occupational therapy and some home health care.
Medicare Part B also pays for some supplies when they are medically necessary.
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part C:
Part C: Medicare Advantage Plans
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part D: More stuff slide 35
Part D: drug plan
This program subsidizes the costs of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries.
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part D: What is it considered and what does it have?
It is voluntary and has co pays and deductibles.
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part D: Who is it available to?
Medicare Part D is available to everyone who is covered by Medicare part A or B.
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part D: How is it administered?
It is administered through private insurance plans.
Health Insurance –Medicare
Part D: What does this plan NOT do? What does this mean?
It does not pay the total cost of drugs,
there are many out of pocket expenses for the patient
Health Insurance –Medicare
Affordable Care Act: What did it do?
Reduced some of the cost of drugs in part D
Health Insurance –Medicare
Affordable Care Act: What did it add?
it added a benefit of annual wellness visit.
Health Insurance –Medicare
What kind of people can receive Medicare?
This nationwide program provides health insurance to people age 65 and over, people entitled to Social Security disability payments for 2 years or more, and people with end-stage renal disease, regardless of income
Health Insurance –Medicare
When did prescription drug coverage begin?
Prescription drug coverage began in 2006.
Theories of Aging
What are the three theories?
Biological
Sociocultural
Psychological
Theories of Aging
Biological
-encompasses measures of the functional capacity of life-limiting organ systems
Theories of Aging
Sociocultural-
involves the roles and age-graded behaviors of persons in response to the society of which they are a part of
Theories of Aging
Psychological-
refers to the behavioral capacities of person to adapt to changing environmental demands
Applying Theories of Aging to Nursing Practice
How are biological, psychological, and social processes of aging?
Biological, psychological, and social processes of aging interrelated
Applying Theories of Aging to Nursing Practice
Which theory adequately explains the aging process?
No single theory can adequately explain the aging process
What can occur with age and what does not normally occur with age?
Cognitive decline occurs with age. But dementia is not a normal part of aging.
What happens to fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence with age?
Fluid intelligence may decline but their crystalized intelligence (ability to learn) remains stabilize.
They can still learn new things.
Age-related changes
What is commonly used for assessing older adults?
Functional assessment is a common framework for assessing older adults.
Age-related changes
What can reduce function in older adults?
Age-related changes, as well as additional risk factors such as disease and the effects of medications, can reduce function.
Age-related changes
What helps to maintain and improve the health of older adults?
Assessing the functional consequences of aging and proposing practical interventions helps to maintain and improve the health of older adults
Age-related changes:
What is a nursing goal?
Nursing goal is to help older adults sustain maximum functional level and dignity despite physical, social, and psychological losses.
Age-related changes
What can prevent complication of many health problems and help maximize the quality of life?
Early intervention can prevent complications of many health problems and help maximize the quality of life.
Age-related changes
What else should be done to promote wellness in older adults?
Encouragement
Community-based support services
Promote lifelong health behaviors
Age-related changes
Primary prevention
-aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs ( regulations, immunization, healthy habits)
Age-related changes
Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention-detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence,
Age-related changes
Tertiary prevention
improve ability to function with impact chronic disease
Age-related changes:
What systems are effected?
Skin
Muscular Systems
Skeletal Systems
Neurological systems
Visions
Hearing
Taste and smell
The mouth and oral cavity
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory System
Peripheral Vascular System
GI system
GU system
Hematopoetic function
Glucose/Insulin
Reproductive System
Age-related changes
Skin:
What is there in increase in?
increase in time for cellular renewal-increase in healing time
Age-related changes
Skin:
What is there in decrease in?
decrease in moisture content
Epidural proliferation decreases, dermis becomes thinner
Subcutaneous fat diminishes:
Elastic fibers are reduced and collagen becomes stiffer
Age-related changes
Skin: What physical changes of skin occur?
skin appears wrinkled, yellowed, lax, rough, leathery
Age-related changes
Skin: What happens to subcutaneous tissue?
Subcutaneous tissue decreases in some areas of the body: face, neck, hands, and lower legs.
Subcutaneous tissue increases in other areas of the body leading to an overall increase in the proportion of body fat in older adults
Age-related changes
Skin: What appears on skin with age?
Appearance of senile keratoses: raised, dark areas on trunk, neck, face, and hands, and “age spots”: flat brown macules on arms, hands, neck, and face
Age-related changes
What happens to hair?
Hair thins and becomes finer with aging
Hair looks gray or white
Gradual loss of hair in the pubic area and axillary area
Balding pattern
Age-related changes
Appocrine and eecrine glands?
Decrease in size and number and function of eccrine and appocrine glands
Age-related changes
Sebacious glands?
Increase in size of sebacious glands, but decrease in production of sebum
Muscular Systems
What happens to muscle mass with age?
From age 30-80 muscle masses decreases in relation to body weight by 30-40%
Loss accelerates with age
Strength decreases. From age 30-80 a persons strength of grip decreases 60%. However, activity plays a role. Persons who use their grip over their entire life span do not lose any strength.
Skeletal Systems
Types of Bone loss: What are they?
Type I: Menopausal bone loss
Type II: Senescent bone loss
Skeletal system:
What happens to bones over time?
What does this effect?
Bones become stiff, weaker, more brittle
Changes in height
Changes in posture
Muscular and Skeletal Changes
How does muscle loss occur?
Loss of muscle is not uniform
Within any muscle group, size and number of myofibrils decrease.
Innervation and contraction of muscle is altered.
Skeletal muscle-altered energetics.
Muscular and Skeletal Changes
Joints, Ligaments, and Cartilege
Decrease in water content in tendons and ligaments-stiffness
Hyaline cartilage erodes and tears with advancing age
Muscular and Skeletal Changes
Where does atrophy occur first?
Lower extremity atrophy sooner than upper body.
Neurological system:
Effects on brain organ specifically?
Decreased weight of brain
Decreased blood flow to the brain
Neurological system:
What is there a loss of?
Age related loss of neurons
Response time slows
Sensations in hand and feet decrease
Decreased response to pain
Generalized slower reflexes
Neurological system
What is there changes in?
Changes in brain enzymes, receptors and neurotransmittors
Vision
What is there a diminished ability to do?
diminished ability to focus on close objects; inability to tolerate glare, difficulty adjusting to changes of light intensity, decreased ability to distinguish colors
Vision
What is a primary cause of loss of vision?
Macular degeneration: primary cause of loss of vision
Vision
What happens to eyelids
slides 46-64
Aging Effect on Laboratory Values :
What is correlated with changes in lab values?
Organ function declines with age and is correlated with changes in laboratory values.
Aging Effect on Laboratory Values :
Standard Lab Values that Change with Age:
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit:
Creatine and BUN:
Albumin:
Potassium:
Glucose:
TSH:
Aging Effect on Laboratory Values :
Standard Lab Values that Change with Age:
Hemoglobin and Hematocrit:
Decrease to lower limits of normal
Aging Effect on Laboratory Values :
Standard Lab Values that Change with Age:
Creatine and BUN:
Increase
Aging Effect on Laboratory Values :
Standard Lab Values that Change with Age:
Albumin:
Potassium:
Albumin: Decreases
Potassium: Increases
Aging Effect on Laboratory Values :
Standard Lab Values that Change with Age:
Glucose:
TSH:
Glucose: Mild increase
TSH: Increase
Immunizations in older adults
Influenza:
Pneumonia:
Hepatitis B Vaccine:
Tetanus:
Shingles-Shingrex
Covid-19 yearly or biannually ??
Immunizations in older adults
Influenza:
Flu shot yearly for all older adults.
Immunizations in older adults
Pneumonia:
At least once after age 65, and repeated every 6 years for those at highest risk.
Immunizations in older adults
Hepatitis B Vaccine:
for those at increased risk
