Chapter 22: Respiratory Function Flashcards
Exam 3
Introduction:
Respiratory primary function
Supply oxygen
Remove carbon dioxide
Introduction:
Risk factors to Respiratory primary function:
Smoking
Anesthesia
Acute and chronic diseases
Introduction:
Age-related changes to Respiratory primary function: What is it difficult to do?
Difficult to distinguish the effects of age-related changes from those caused by disease processes and external influences
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Upper respiratory structures: What is diminished?
Diminished blood flow to the nose
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Upper respiratory structures: What is there atrophy off?
Atrophy of laryngeal nerve endings
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Upper respiratory structures: What is blunted?
Blunted cough and laryngeal reflexes
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Upper respiratory structures: What is stiffened?
Stiffening of trachea
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Upper respiratory structures: What happens to mucus?
Thicker mucus
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Chest wall and musculoskeletal structures: What happens to ribs and vertebrae?
Ribs and vertebrae become osteoporotic
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Chest wall and musculoskeletal structures: What happens to cartilage?
Costal cartilage calcifies
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Chest wall and musculoskeletal structures: What happens to respiratory muscles?
Respiratory muscles weaken
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Chest wall and musculoskeletal structures: What changes occur?
Structural changes
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Chest wall and musculoskeletal structures: Structural changes occur: Like what?
Kyphosis
Shortened thorax
Chest wall stiffens
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Chest wall and musculoskeletal structures: Structural changes occur:
Kyphosis: What is it?
curvature of spine
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Lung structure and function: What happens to lungs?
Lungs become smaller and flaccid
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Lung structure and function: What happens to things involved with blood?
Pulmonary artery becomes wider, thicker, and less elastic
Diminished capillaries
Decrease in capillary blood volume
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Lung structure and function: What happens to mucosal bed?
Mucosal bed thickens
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Lung structure and function: What else happens?
Elastic recoil
Duct ectasis
Age-Related Changes That Affect Respiratory Function:
Changes in immune function include:
Age-related alteration of T cells contribute to increased prevalence of lung diseases
Which is not an age-related change that can affect respiratory performance?
A. Shortened thorax
B. Chest wall stiffness
C. Increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest
D. Decreased respiratory rate with exertion
D. Decreased respiratory rate with exertion
Structural changes that affect respiratory performance include kyphosis, shortened thorax, chest wall stiffness, and increased anteroposterior diameter of the chest.
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness:
What products?
Smoking and smokeless tobacco products
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness:
How does smoking tobacco cause issues?
Tobacco smoking causes detrimental effects through multiple heat and chemical actions on the respiratory system and other organs
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness:
How does risk of smoking tobacco vary?
Risk varies somewhat according to the form of tobacco or nicotine, but all forms of nicotine are harmful
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness:
What are the forms of tobacco smoking?
Forms of tobacco smoking include cigarettes (purchased and hand-rolled), cigars, pipes, and waterpipes
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness:
What are the forms of smokeless tobacco?
Smokeless tobacco products include snuff, chewing tobacco, snus, nicotine gum, and patches
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness
What do e-cigarettes contain?
E-cigarettes, also called vaping or vapes, contain dangerous chemicals that can cause lung disease and increase the risk for cardiovascular disease
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness—
Health inequities: Tobacco use
Prevalence of any type of current tobacco use in the United States is highest among who?
Prevalence of any type of current tobacco use in the United States is highest among men, non-Hispanic American Indian/Alaska Native adults, those with lower education, lower income households, uninsured adults, and lesbian, gay, or bisexual
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness—
Health inequities: Tobacco use
Why is it detrimental?
Detrimental due to heat and chemical actions
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness—
Health inequities: Tobacco use
Detrimental due to heat and chemical actions:
Actions lead to what?
Bronchoconstriction
Impaired air flow
Inflammation of mucosa
Inhibited ciliary action
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness—
Other forms of smoking?
Marijuana
Nicotine–medication interactions
Secondhand smoke and other environmental factors
Environmental risk factors
Additional risk factors
Risk Factors That Affect Respiratory Wellness—
Secondhand smoke and other environmental factors: Like?
Lung cancer,
respiratory illness,
cardiovascular disease,
stroke,
type 2 diabetes,
impaired cognitive function
Is the following statement true or false?
The maximum level of respiratory function in middle and later adulthood is significantly influenced by the maximum level reached during the fifth decade of life.
False
The maximum level of respiratory function in middle and later adulthood is significantly influenced by the maximum level reached during the fifth decade of life.
False- Why?
A unique characteristic of respiratory performance is that the maximum level of function in middle and later adulthood is significantly influenced by the maximal level reached during the third decade of life, which is largely determined by factors that affected respiratory development in early life.
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
include:
Age-related changes:
Increased susceptibility to lower respiratory infections
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
include: Age-related changes- like?
diminished respiratory efficiency,
reduced total pulmonary function
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
include: Increased susceptibility to lower respiratory infections- What are causes of this?
Functional consequence of age-related changes of respiratory and immune system
Poor oral care:
Impaired mobility
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
include: Increased susceptibility to lower respiratory infections- Lower respiratory infections- like?
pneumonia,
influenza,
West Nile viral infection
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
include: Increased susceptibility to lower respiratory infections- Poor oral care will lead to?
Poor oral care: increases the risk of pneumonia
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
include: Increased susceptibility to lower respiratory infections-
Aspiration pneumonia: what is it?
Aspiration pneumonia: inflammation caused by food or secretions entering bronchial tree
Functional Consequences Affecting Respiratory Wellness
Pneumonia: Risk factors include?
Dysphagia
Dementia
Post-surgical care
Fragility
Dehydration
Malnutrition
Impaired function
Compromised immunity
Pathologic Condition Affecting Respiratory Function: COPD
What is it?
chronic airflow obstruction interfering with breathing
Pathologic Condition Affecting Respiratory Function: COPD
What makes up COPD?
Emphysema
Chronic bronchitis
Pathologic Condition Affecting Respiratory Function: COPD
What are common manifestations of COPD?
Common manifestations:
cough,
dyspnea,
wheezing, and
sputum production
Pathologic Condition Affecting Respiratory Function: COPD
What is health promotion for COPD?
participation in self-management programs
Nursing Assessment of Respiratory Function:
What should be identified?
Identifying opportunities for health promotion
Identifying other risk factors
Identifying normal age-related variations
Nursing Assessment of Respiratory Function:
What should be detected?
Detecting lower respiratory infections
Nursing Assessment of Respiratory Function:
What should be assessed?
Assessing smoking behaviors
Nursing Assessment of Respiratory Function:
What physical symptoms should the nurse be aware of?
Slight increase in the normal respiratory rate,
increased anteroposterior diameter,
forward-leaning posture,
increased resonance on percussion,
diminished intensity of lung sounds,
increased presence of adventitious sounds in the lower lungs
Older adults are most likely to enter an emergency department with which of the following symptoms of pneumonia?
A. Cough productive of large amounts of mucus
B. Altered mental status
C. Temperature above 100.5°F
D. Shortness of breath
B. Altered mental status
Older adults are most likely to enter an emergency department with which of the following symptoms of pneumonia?
B. Altered Mental Status- Why? What don’t they usually have?
Older adults with pneumonia do not always meet the typical assessment criteria for pneumonia, such as cough, chills, dyspnea, elevated temperature, and elevated white blood cell count.
Older adults are most likely to enter an emergency department with which of the following symptoms of pneumonia?
B. Altered Mental Status- What kind of symptoms are older adults more likely to have?
Older adults are more likely to have subtler and nonspecific disease manifestations, such as altered mental status, or other changes in functioning, such as incontinence, unexplained falls, sudden aggravation, or failure to thrive.
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Wellness
Promoting respiratory wellness
Immunizations for preventing influenza and pneumonia
Eliminating the risk from smoking
Screening for lung cancer in smokers
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Wellness
Promoting respiratory wellness: Like?
Education,
prevention,
health promotion interventions,
patient teaching materials
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Wellness
Immunizations for preventing influenza and pneumonia: Like?
Prevention of pneumonia and influenza with health promotion and education interventions
Nursing Interventions for Respiratory Wellness
Eliminating the risk from smoking: Like?
Address attitudes that influence health-related behaviors
Wellness Outcomes (Positive Functional Consequences) include:
Wellness-oriented care plans
Successful health education
Address immunization status
Reassessment of subjective indicators
Ease of breathing
Reassessment of objective indicators
Lung sounds, respiratory rate, and rhythm
History of immunizations for pneumonia and influenza
Plan to stop smoking:
Wellness Outcomes (Positive Functional Consequences) include:
Wellness-oriented care plans: What do they address?
Address increased vulnerability to pneumonia, influenza, and tuberculosis
Wellness Outcomes (Positive Functional Consequences) include:
Successful health education : What do they address?
Specific and measurable outcomes
Wellness Outcomes (Positive Functional Consequences) include:
Plan to stop smoking: What do they address?
Successful participation in smoking cessation
Which statement related to the influenza vaccine and the older adult population is true?
A. The majority of older adults receive the influenza vaccine.
B. Hospitalization admission rates for respiratory infection are decreased for those who receive the vaccination.
C. Influenza vaccinations do not require a physician’s order.
D. The primary reason that health care workers need to be vaccinated is so that they do not get the flu.
B. Hospitalization admission rates for respiratory infection are decreased for those who receive the vaccination.
How is the flu vaccine for older adults? How does it affect mortality and morbidity?
The influenza vaccine is safe and well tolerated in older adults and has been shown to reduce mortality and morbidity as well as decrease hospitalization admission rates for respiratory infection.
What is the percentage of older adults who get the flu vaccine?
The percentage of older adults getting the flu shot ranges from 23% to 70%.
Why should health care workers receive the flu vaccines?
Health care workers who care for older adults should receive annual influenza vaccinations to prevent transmission to the older adult population.
What is needed to administer the flu vaccine?
A physician’s order is needed to provide the vaccine.
What percent of flu deaths occur in older adults?
It is estimated that 90% of seasonal flu-related deaths with more than 60% of flu-related hospitalization occur in those 65 and older annually as the immune defenses becoming weaker with age.
