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Germany under the Nazis Flashcards

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1
Q

How many Germans were unemployed from 1933 - 1939 each year?

A

1933 - 6.1 million, 1934 - 4 million, 1935 - 3 million, 1936 - 2.5 million, 1937 - 1.8 million, 1938 - 1.1 million, 1939 - 0.4 million

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2
Q

Who had to work in the National Labour Service (RAD) for how long?

A

All men ages between 18 and 25 had to spend 6 months in the RAD

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3
Q

When did the Nazis order the creation of a new network of autobahns (motorways)?

A

June 1933

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4
Q

How many people did the construction of autobahns in Nazi Germany give work to?

A

Nearly 100,000

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5
Q

By 1938, how much highway had been built?

A

Around 3,800 km

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6
Q

When was conscription reintroduced in Nazi Germany?

A

1935

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7
Q

From 1935, how was conscription enacted in Nazi Germany?

A

All males aged 18 - 25 had to join the armed forces for at least 2 years

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8
Q

What tactics did the Nazis use to reduce unemployment figures, whilst “invisible unemployment” remained?

A

Woman who gave up work to have family and Jews forced out of their jobs didn’t count in figures, part-time workers counted as full-time

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9
Q

Who did Hitler appoint as Minister of Economics when he came to power in 1933?

A

Respected banker, Hjalmar Schacht

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10
Q

How was the economy run under Hjalmar Schacht?

A

Deals signed with countries to supply German with raw materials in return for German-made goods, weapons production increased, unemployment fell, Germany still dependent on foreign raw materials

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11
Q

How was the economy run under Hermann Goering?

A

Introduced Four Year Plan, jobs created, high production targets met in industries like steel and explosives production, not met in industries like oil production

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12
Q

When was the Four Year Plan introduced?

A

1936

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13
Q

What was the Four Year Plan?

A

Scheme by Nazis to get Germany ready for war, attempted to increase agricultural and industrial production, regulate imports and exports, achieve self-sufficiency in raw materials production

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14
Q

What goods and materials did German scientists find ways of making from other materials in the attempt to reach self-sufficiency?

A

Ways to make petrol from coal, artificial wool and cotton from pulped wood, make-up from flour, coffee from acorns

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15
Q

When was Hjalmar Schacht dismissed from the government?

A

1943

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16
Q

What percentage of the population was involved in agriculture and forestry?

A

Around 30%

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17
Q

How did Hitler help farmers?

A

Cut taxes farmers paid, guaranteed they couldn’t be thrown off land if they got into debt

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18
Q

What Nazi policy did some farmers resent and others welcome?

A

Laws were introduced preventing farmers from dividing their land and giving a part to each of their children

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19
Q

What two schemes did the German Labour Front (DAF) run?

A

Beauty of Labour (SDA) and Strength through Joy (KDF)

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20
Q

What did the scheme Beauty of Labour (SDA) do?

A

Tried to improve working environment, by installing better lighting, safety equipment, new wash rooms, low-cost canteens and sports facilities

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21
Q

What did the scheme Strength through Joy (KDF) do?

A

Organise leisure activities to encourage work, rewarded cheap holidays, trips to theatre, tickets to football matches if workers met targets

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22
Q

What was the Nazi scheme for workers to save up for their Volkswagen and its true purpose?

A

Workers were encouraged to save marks each week to save up for their Volkswagen, entire scheme swindle as money was used to make weapons

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22
Q

How were workers’ rights changed under the Nazis?

A

Workers couldn’t quit without government’s permission, banned from striking, could be forced to work as many hours as Nazis needed

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23
Q

When did Nazi Germany attack the USSR?

A

1941

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24
Q

In one battle at Stalingrad, how many Germans died?

A

Over 80,000

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25
Q

How many German soldiers surrendered in the Battle of Stalingrad?

A

90,000

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26
Q

By which date was food and clothing rationed in Germany?

A

November 1939

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27
Q

What were some examples of how rationing was introduced in Germany?

A

People limited to 1 egg per week, hot water rationed to 2 days per week

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28
Q

When was Albert Speer made Armaments Minister?

A

1942

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29
Q

When Germany was organised for Total War, what were some things which were closed?

A

Beer houses, dance halls, sweet shops closed

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30
Q

By 1944, how many foreign workers had been brought to Germany to work as slave labour in factories?

A

Around 7 million

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31
Q

From when did Britain and America begin pounding German cities with bombs?

A

1942

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32
Q

What went away in Germany due to Allied bombing?

A

Electricity, water and transport

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33
Q

What subjects would a young German schoolchild have studied?

A

History, Geography, PE, Science and Maths

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34
Q

Where were students identified by their teachers as potential future Nazi leaders sent to?

A

Special academies called Napolas (National Political Educational Institutions)

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35
Q

What schools did the Hitler Youth Organisation set up?

A

Adolf Hitler Schools

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36
Q

Between 1933 and 1934, what percentage of university lecturers or professors were replaced?

A

15%

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37
Q

Out of university lecturers and professors replaced under Nazi Germany, what proportion was for racial and political reasons?

A

Third for racial reasons, half for political reasons

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38
Q

By 1939, how many university lecturers and professors had been dismissed?

A

Over 3,000

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39
Q

What organisation did all teachers have to join under the Nazis?

A

German Teachers League

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40
Q

How long did all students spend training as soldiers annually?

A

A month

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41
Q

When did Hitler set up the Hitler Youth Organisation?

A

1922

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42
Q

When did the Nazis ban all other youth groups apart from the Hitler Youth?

A

When they came to power in 1933

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43
Q

When did a law give the Hitler Youth equal status to school and home?

A

1936

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44
Q

What did the Hitler Youth control regarding sports?

A

All sports facilities and youth competitions for children under 14

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45
Q

When was membership of the Hitler Youth made compulsory?

A

1939

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46
Q

When would a boy joins a Nazi club called the Little Fellows?

A

Age 6 - 10

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47
Q

When would a boy join the Nazi Young Folk?

A

10 - 14

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48
Q

When would a boy become a fully-fledged member of the Hitler Youth?

A

14 - 18

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49
Q

When did German girls join a club called the Young Girls?

A

10 - 14

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50
Q

When did German girls join the League of German Girls?

A

14 - 17

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51
Q

How many people were members of the Hitler Youth clubs in 1933?

A

2,292,041

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52
Q

How many people were members of the Hitler Youth clubs in 1936?

A

5,437,601

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53
Q

How many people were members of the Hitler Youth clubs in 1939?

A

7,287,470

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54
Q

Who were the Swing Youth?

A

German youngsters who refused to join the Hitler Youth

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55
Q

Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

Rebel youth gang which made fun of Hitler and physically attacked Hitler Youth groups

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56
Q

What were rebel youth gangs in Nazi Germany?

A

The Roving Dudes, Edelweiss Pirates, Navajos

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57
Q

What did Hitler say women should stick to?

A

Three Ks - Kinder, Kirche and Küche (children, church and cooking)

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58
Q

When was the Motherhood Medal awarded?

A

Every year on 12th August, birthday of Hitler’s mother

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59
Q

Who was the Motherhood Medal awarded to?

A

Women who had the most children

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60
Q

Which mothers received the Gold Cross?

A

Mothers with 8 children

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61
Q

What was the Lebensborn (“fountain of life”) movement?

A

A movement to increase the birth rate and produce “racially pure” children

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62
Q

How many children were born as a result of the Lebensborn movement?

A

Estimated 8,000 children

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63
Q

What did the German Women’s League do?

A

Coordinated all adult women’s groups in the country, representatives travelled giving advice on cooking, childcare, healthy eating

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64
Q

By March 1939, how many women had attended one of the German Women’s League’s motherhood training courses?

A

1.7 million women

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65
Q

What was the Nazi Women’s Organisation set up to do?

A

Developed an elite female group dedicated to Nazi beliefs

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66
Q

How many babies were born in Germany in 1933?

A

970,000

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67
Q

How many babies were born in Germany in 1939?

A

1,413,000

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68
Q

What did the “Law for the Prevention of Diseased Offspring” do?

A

Women with a history of mental illness, hereditary diseases or anti-social behaviour (like alcoholism) could be forcibly sterilised

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69
Q

What were the numbers and proportions of Protestants and Catholics in Germany?

A

One third of Germans Catholic (20 million), two thirds Protestant (40 million)

70
Q

Why did some Christian support the Nazis?

A

Nazi said they believed in importance of marriage, family and moral values, Hitler promised to destroy communism, promised to respect Catholic Church

71
Q

When did Hitler sign a Concordat with the Pope, head of the Catholic Church?

A

1933

72
Q

When did the Pope issue a statement called “With Burning Anxiety”?

A

1937

73
Q

When did Catholic Archbishop Galen openly criticise the Nazis?

A

August 1941

74
Q

Who were the German Christians?

A

A German Protestant group largely under Nazi control

75
Q

Who was the leader of the German Christians?

A

Ludwig Müller

76
Q

Who was the first Reich Bishop?

A

Ludwig Müller

77
Q

When did Ludwig Müller become the first Reich Bishop?

A

September 1933

78
Q

What was the Confessional Church?

A

A Protestant group which openly criticised the Nazis

79
Q

Who was the leader of the Confessional Church?

A

Pastor Martin Niemöller

80
Q

How many pastors did the Nazis arrest in response to the Confessional Church?

A

Around 800 pastors

81
Q

Which Christian groups disappeared from Germany due to the Nazis?

A

Salvation Army, Christian Scientists, Seventh Day Adventist Church

82
Q

What proportion of Jehovah’s Witnesses were killed in concentration camps because they were pacifists?

A

Around one third

83
Q

What percentage of Jews had fled Germany by the time Hitler stopped them from leaving the country (1941)?

A

Nearly 80%

84
Q

What races did the Nazis see as inferior?

A

Jews, Roma and Sinti (sometimes known as Gypsies), Slavs, Black people

85
Q

When were all Jewish lawyers and judges sacked?

A

March 1933

86
Q

When were all Jews banned from any sports clubs and all Jewish teachers sacked?

A

April 1933

87
Q

When was “Race studies” introduced in German schools?

A

September 1933

88
Q

When were all Jewish shops marked with a yellow star of David or the word Juden (Jew), which soldiers standing outside to turn people away?

A

January 1934

89
Q

What were the Nuremberg Laws?

A

Series of laws aimed at excluding German Jews from Reich citizenship and to prevent them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of “German or related blood”

90
Q

When were the Nuremberg Laws introduced?

A

September 1935

91
Q

When were Jews banned from owning any electrical equipment (including cameras), bicycles, typewriters or music records?

A

January 1936

92
Q

When were Jewish doctors sacked?

A

July 1938

93
Q

When did male Jews have to add the name “Israel” and female Jews add the name “Sara” to their first names?

A

August 1938

94
Q

What was Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)?

A

Event where Jews and their shops and businesses were attacked throughout Germany

95
Q

When did Kristallnacht occur?

A

November 1938

96
Q

When were Jewish children banned from German schools?

A

November 1938

97
Q

When were Jewish and non-Jewish children forbidden from playing together, and Jews banned from using swimming pools?

A

December 1938

98
Q

When could Jews be evicted from their homes for no reason?

A

April 1939

99
Q

When were Jews no longer allowed out of their homes between 8:00pm and 6:00am?

A

September 1939

100
Q

How many people with hereditary illnesses were made to have operations to sterilise them?

A

Around 400,000

101
Q

How many people with physical or leaning disabilities were killed?

A

Over 200,000

102
Q

How many Roma and Sinti people were killed by the Nazis in the years up to 1945?

A

Over half a million

103
Q

How many Jews were there in Germany in 1934?

A

500,000

104
Q

When did the Final Solution begin?

A

1941

105
Q

When did the Wannsee Conference occur?

A

January 1942

106
Q

When did King Edward I expel all Jews from England?

A

1290

107
Q

When did a Nazi-owned propaganda newspaper have an antisemitic headline about a Jewish “Murder Plan” and an antisemitic sub-heading?

A

1934

108
Q

How many Jewish shops had their windows broken in Kristallnacht?

A

Around 10,000

109
Q

How many Jews were sent to concentration camps in Kristallnacht?

A

20,000

110
Q

How many Jews were killed in Kristallnacht?

A

Around 100

111
Q

How many synagogues were burned down in Kristallnacht?

A

Nearly 200

112
Q

How many Jews were in Poland under Nazi occupation?

A

3 million

113
Q

How many Jews were in Russia under Nazi occupation?

A

Up to 3 million

114
Q

How many Jews were in France, Denmark, Norway and the Balkans?

A

Over 1 million

115
Q

What was the Einsatzgruppen?

A

Mobile SS death squads responsible for murder of those thought by Nazis to be racial or political enemies

116
Q

In 1940, what was the estimated population of the Warsaw Ghetto?

A

440,000 Jews

117
Q

During the Wannsee Conference, how many Jews in Europe did the Nazis plan to murder (the continent’s population of Jews)?

A

Around 11 million

118
Q

What was the difference between concentration camps and extermination camps?

A

In concentration camps inmates were put to work in terrible conditions. Extermination camps’ only purpose was to kill

119
Q

What were the six extermination camps built by the Nazis?

A

Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Majdanek, Sobibor and Treblinka

120
Q

Who were sent to concentration camps by the Nazis?

A

Jews, people from other “inferior” racial groups, gay people, criminals, prostitutes, Jehovah’s Witnesses, political opponents, pacifists and homeless people

121
Q

When did a rebellion occur in the Warsaw ghetto in Poland?

A

1943

122
Q

How long did it take for Germans to regain control over the Warsaw ghetto in Poland?

A

43 days

123
Q

In a rebellion in the Treblinka death camp in 1943, how many prisoners managed to escape?

A

150

124
Q

How many guards were killed in the Treblinka death camp rebellion in 1943?

A

15

125
Q

How many Jews were killed by the Nazis?

A

Around 6 million

126
Q

How many of the Jews killed by the Nazis were killed in death camps?

A

Around 3 million

127
Q

What were the ways in which Jews were killed by the Nazis throughout their rule?

A

Ghettos, Einsatzgruppen, concentration camps, extermination camps (also called death camps)

128
Q

What were some people who helped with the Final Solution?

A

Railway workers, office clerks, typists, telephone operators, policemen and soldiers

129
Q

How many German companies used Auschwitz-Birkenau prisoners as slaves to build their goods?

A

Around 150

130
Q

What were the main parts of the Nazi police state, and how it kept the country in control?

A

Concentration camps, SS (Schutzstaffel), regular police and law courts, Gestapo

131
Q

When was the SS set up?

A

1925

132
Q

What were the 3 sections of the SS?

A

SD (Sicherheitsdienst), Waffen SS, Death’s Head Units

133
Q

What did the Gestapo do?

A

Spied on people, tapped telephone calls and opened mail; had power to arrest, imprison without trial and torture anyone; established network of informers

134
Q

What was Joseph Goebbels’ official title?

A

Minister of Enlightenment and Propaganda

135
Q

When was Joseph Goebbels born?

A

1897

136
Q

When did Joseph Goebbels die?

A

1945

137
Q

When did Joseph Goebbels join the Nazi Party?

A

1924

138
Q

What were areas and ways Goebbels’ controlled what people saw?

A

Newspapers, Mass rallies, books, theatre, music, radio, films

139
Q

All musicians, writers, artists and actors in Nazi Germany had to join which organisation?

A

Chamber of Culture

140
Q

Which Nazi supporter owned film studios?

A

Alfred Hugenberg

141
Q

Was music was popular in Nazi Germany?

A

Marching music, old folk songs, classical music by Bach, Beethoven, Mozart and Wagner

142
Q

What group about culture did the Nazis establish before they took power?

A

Militant League for German Culture

143
Q

What hit musical did the Nazis ban and the work of which playwrights did they allow?

A

Jewish writer Kurt Weill’s hit musical, The Threepenny Opera, banned, work of older playwrights like Goethe and Schiller allowed

144
Q

How many writers left Germany between 1933 and 1945?

A

Around 2,500

145
Q

In 1936, how many paintings did the Nazis publicly burn that they disapproved of?

A

5,000

146
Q

When was an exhibition of unacceptable art opened by the Nazis?

A

1937

147
Q

What tactics were used in a degenerate art exhibition to encourage a negative reaction?

A

Art no displayed properly, graffiti on walls insulting art and artists

148
Q

When did the Nazis close down the Bauhaus movement?

A

1933

149
Q

Who was the founder of the Bauhaus movement?

A

Walter Gropius

150
Q

Where did Walter Gropius go in exile and for how long did he remain in exile?

A

Fled Germany and remained in exile, first in England, later in America, for next 30 years

151
Q

Where were the Olympic Games held in 1936?

A

Berlin

152
Q

How did the Nazis use the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games to their advantage?

A

Antisemitic posters and newspapers temporarily stopped, German squad coming top of medals table “proof” of superiority, advanced technology used

153
Q

Who filmed the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games?

A

World-respected German filmmaker and Nazi-supporter Leni Riefenstahl

154
Q

How did the Nazis show their technology in the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games?

A

Use of “tracking shots” pioneered by Riefenstahl to follow movements in slow motion, most advanced photo-finished equipment used, main stadium contained largest stop-clock ever made

155
Q

What were the different levels of resistance against the Nazis?

A

Moaning or “grumbling” about the Nazis, passive resistance, open opposition, attempts to kill Hitler

156
Q

When did August Landmesser apply to marry a Jewish woman?

A

1935

157
Q

Who did August Landmesser apply to marry?

A

Jewish woman named Irma Eckler

158
Q

When did August Landmesser and Irma Eckler try to flee Germany? (failed)

A

1937

159
Q

What was the White Rose group?

A

An Anti-Nazi youth group, made up mainly of university students

160
Q

Who were two siblings who were leaders of the White Rose group?

A

Brother and sister Hans and Sophie Scholl

161
Q

When were Hans and Sophie Scholl caught and how were they executed?

A

Caught in 1943 and beheaded

162
Q

How many attempts were there on Hitler’s life?

A

Around 50

163
Q

What was the Kreisau Circle?

A

Group of army officers, university professors and aristocrats shocked by Hitler’s plans for war, brutality of Nazi regime, but didn’t actually do anything

164
Q

What did the Beck-Goerdeler group do and what happened?

A

Contacted British about possibility of removing Hitler, but nothing could be agreed

165
Q

Who led the Beck-Goerdeler group?

A

Former army general Ludwig Beck and Nazi official Karl Goerdeler

166
Q

When did the Beck-Goerdeler group make attempts on Hitler’s life?

A

March and November 1943

167
Q

How many young rebel groups were there all over Germany?

A

Approximately 2,000

168
Q

When did the July Bomb Plot occur?

A

1944 July

169
Q

What was the July Bomb Plot?

A

Attempt by a group of Germans to kill Hitler, take over Germany and end the war

170
Q

Which colonel agreed to be part of the July Bomb Plot?

A

Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg

171
Q

What effect did the bomb in the 1944 July Bomb Plot have (failed to kill Hitler)?

A

Killed 4 men, burned Hitler’s hair, burst his eardrums, blew some of his clothes off

172
Q

What happened to Ludwig Beck, Karl Goerdeler and Claus von Stauffenberg after the July Bomb Plot?

A

Stauffenberg and Goerdeler were executed, Beck committed suicide

173
Q

How many people were executed in revenge for the July Bomb Plot?

A

About 5,000

History (7 decks)

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