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History > German Empire, WWI's impact, Weimar Democracy > Flashcards

German Empire, WWI's impact, Weimar Democracy Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Germany unify?

A

1871

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2
Q

Who became the Kaiser of Germany when it unified?

A

The King of Prussia

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3
Q

Who was the Chancellor?

A

Chief minister of Germany

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4
Q

What was the Bundesrat in the German Empire?

A

Representatives from each German state who supported the Kaiser

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5
Q

What was the Reichstag?

A

The elected German Parliament

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6
Q

Who elected the Reichstag in the German Empire?

A

Men over 25

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7
Q

What did the Bundesrat and Reichstag both do in the German Empire?

A

Debate and vote on laws drawn up by the Kaiser and ministers

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8
Q

Who was the Kaiser?

A

The emperor of the German Empire

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9
Q

When did Germany begin to industrialise?

A

Late 1800s

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10
Q

By 1913, how much coal, iron and steel was Germany producing compared to Britain?

A

As much coal, more iron and more steel than Britain

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11
Q

By 1914, what proportion of Europe’s steel did Germany produce?

A

2/3

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12
Q

In what industries did companies of the German Empire dominate Europe?

A

Electrical goods, chemicals

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13
Q

What was the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in the German Empire?

A

A political party

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14
Q

By 1914, how many German workers had joined trade unions?

A

Over 3 million

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15
Q

What did the Social Democratic party (SPD) believe in the German Empire?

A

Socialism, Reichstag making social and workers’ reforms, disliked privilege of land, factory owners

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16
Q

How many Germans voted for the Social Democratic Party in the German Empire?

A

Around 1/3

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17
Q

When were a series of German Empire Navy Laws introduced?

A

1898 - 1912

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18
Q

What powers did the Kaiser have?

A

He could ignore government advice, made all military and foreign policy decisions

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19
Q

How did Germany pay for the Navy Laws it passed?

A

Taxes were increased, money was borrowed

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20
Q

What were the results of the German Empire’s Navy Laws?

A

The navy increased in size, army expanded

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21
Q

When did Wilhelm become Kaiser?

A

1888

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22
Q

How old was Wilhelm when he became Kaiser?

A

29

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23
Q

Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II grandson of?

A

Brtain’s Queen Victoria

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24
Q

Who was Kaiser Wilhelm II cousin of?

A

Britain’s King George V

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25
Q

What did many workers do in Imperial Germany to achieve better conditions? (2 things)

A

Join trade unions and organise strikes

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26
Q

What group of influential individuals wanted to preserve their positions of influence in Imperial Germany?

A

Land, business and factory owners and noble army officers

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27
Q

What does Weltpolitik mean?

A

“World policy”

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28
Q

What was Weltpolitik?

A

The foreign policy of the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II, aimed at turning Germany into a world power

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29
Q

Who fought against who in World War I initially?

A

Germany and Austria-Hungary went to war against France, Britain, Russia, Belgium and Serbia

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30
Q

How many women demanded they wanted their men back in 1915 in front of the German parliament buildings?

A

500

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31
Q

How many workers demonstrated in Berlin in 1916?

A

10,000

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32
Q

When did German Army General Ludendorff state Germany could not win the war and advise the Kaiser to make the country more democratic?

A

October

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33
Q

When did the German navy in Kiel mutiny?

A

28th October 1918

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34
Q

When did Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicate?

A

9th November 1918

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35
Q

When did Germany surrender in World War I?

A

11th November 1918

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36
Q

Who took over Germany temporarily after Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated?

A

Friedrich Ebert, leader of the Social Democratic Party (SPD)

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37
Q

What was the largest political party when Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated?

A

The Social Democratic Party (SPD)

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38
Q

What were the major effects of World War I on Germany?

A

Germany was virtually bankrupt, politically unstable, and society was divided further

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39
Q

Why had World War I made Germany virtually bankrupt?

A

Owed lots of money borrowed to pay for war, lent some money to its allies, factories were exhausted not producing goods to make money, war pensions would cost fortune

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40
Q

Why had World War I divided German society further?

A

Some factory owners made fortune during war while workers’ wages restricted; women worked in factories, some thought damaging to tradition

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41
Q

Why had World War I made Germany more politically unstable?

A

Mutiny and revolution all over Germany, many ex-soldiers and civilians felt politicians betrayed Germany by ending war

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42
Q

What was the Spartacus League?

A

A political group of communists who wanted Germany to be run by small councils of soldiers and workers

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43
Q

When did the Spartacus League revolt occur?

A

6th January 1919

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44
Q

What was the Free Corps?

A

A group of ex-soldiers who came home from World War I and hated the Spartacists and communists in general

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45
Q

How many Free Corps individuals were sent to suppress the Spartacus League revolt by Friedrich Ebert?

A

2000

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46
Q

How did Friedrich Ebert respond to the Spartacus League revolt in Berlin?

A

He sent in the Free Corps to suppress it

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47
Q

Who were the Sparticist leaders?

A

Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht

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48
Q

What did the Free Corps do with the 2 Sparticist leaders?

A

They beat them and murdered them

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49
Q

When did Friedrich Ebert hold the election he had promised?

A

Late January 1919

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50
Q

Which party won the German election in late January 1919, and who became President?

A

The Social Democratic Party (SPD) won and Friedrich Ebert became German President

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51
Q

For how many days did the Free Corps fight the Spartacists in Berlin?

A

3 days

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52
Q

Where did Friedrich Ebert, as German President, and the newly elected politicians in the late-January 1919 election meet up?

A

Weimar

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53
Q

When did Friedrich Ebert, after being elected German President, meet with the newly-elected politicians?

A

11th February 1919

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54
Q

What were the main beliefs of Communists?

A

Everyone (men and women) are equal with no classes and great wealth differences, no private property, little need for money, laws, and eventually governments at all

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55
Q

When and where did communist uprisings occur in Germany other than the Spartacus League revolt which the Free Corps ended?

A

Bavaria in May 1919, in the Ruhr in March 1920

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56
Q

What did Friedrich Ebert and other politicians who met up in Weimar discuss?

A

How to run Germany

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57
Q

What were some things communists did in Russia after taking control?

A

Took land from landlords, gave to peasants; put banks and factories under government control; murdered Russian royal family

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58
Q

When was the Weimar Constitution created?

A

1919

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59
Q

Women over which age could vote in the Weimar Republic?

A

20

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60
Q

Between which two dates did no political party ever win a majority of votes?

A

1919 - 1933

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61
Q

How many parties sometimes argued over a single issue in the Weimar Republic?

A

Over 20

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62
Q

Why was proportional representation a weakness (in a way) of the Weimar Republic?

A

Many different parties could win seats, meaning decision-making often required cooperation between multiple parties, slowing it down

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63
Q

What was a weakness of the Weimar Republic relating to its support from the people?

A

Some older army generals, judges, upper-class families, rich factory owners, university professors wished for the days when Kaiser ruled Germany

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64
Q

What was a weakness of the Weimar Republic relating to Germany’s surrender in World War I?

A

The system was linked to surrender at end of WWI and politicians who lost war changed way country was ruled

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65
Q

What did some Germans call the politicians who had lost the war (and created the Weimar Republic)?

A

“November Criminals”

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66
Q

How often was the President of the Weimar Republic elected?

A

Every 7 years

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67
Q

What powers did the President of the Weimar Republic have over the military?

A

They controlled the army, navy and airforce

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68
Q

Did the President of the Weimar Republic run the country day-to-day?

A

No

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69
Q

What did Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution allow the Weimar President to do?

A

Issue emergency decrees (laws) in crisis without support of Reichstag

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70
Q

How was the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic chosen?

A

Chosen by President (usually from party with most votes in election)

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71
Q

What did the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic do?

A

Ran the country day-to-day

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72
Q

What were some things the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic was responsible for?

A

Law and order, taxation, schooling, healthcare

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73
Q

What did the Chancellor of the Weimar Republic require to introduce new laws?

A

Support of at least half the politicians / MPs in the Reichstag

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74
Q

What was the role of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic?

A

It discussed and introduced laws

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75
Q

How often were members of the Reichstag elected?

A

Every 4 years

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76
Q

What was the voting system used to determine the number of MPs each political party had in the Reichstag in the Weimar Republic?

A

Proportional representation

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77
Q

How did proportional representation work in the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic?

A

The number of MPs each political party had in the Reichstag was based on the number of votes they had (10% votes = 10% seats)

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78
Q

Who could vote in the Weimar Republic?

A

All men and women over 20

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79
Q

Who did the German people elect in the Weimar Republic?

A

The President and politicians in the Reichstag

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80
Q

What freedoms did the constitution guarantee the German people in the Weimar Republic?

A

Basic freedoms, like free speech

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81
Q

What were the main German political parties in the Weimar Republic?

A

Communist Party (KPD); Social Democratic Party (SPD); Germany Democratic Party (DDP); Centre Party (Zentrum); People’s Party (DVP); National People’s Party (DNVP); National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP or Nazis)

82
Q

Who were the supporters of the Communist Party (KPD) in the Weimar Republic?

A

Working class

83
Q

Who were the supporters of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) in the Weimar Republic?

A

Mostly working class

84
Q

Who were the supporters of the German Democratic Party (DDP) in the Weimar Republic?

A

Middle class (lawyers, writers, etc.)

85
Q

Who were the supporters of the Centre Party (Zentrum) in the Weimar Republic?

A

Catholics from all classes (Southern Germany mainly Catholic)

86
Q

Who were the supporters of the People’s Party (DVP) in the Weimar Republic?

A

Middle class, mainly businessmen

87
Q

Who were the supporters of the National People’s Party (DNVP) in the Weimar Republic?

A

Middle and upper classes, some ex-soldiers

88
Q

Who were the supporters of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP, Nazis)?

A

Unemployed, mainly ex-soldiers, some support from middle and upper classes who feared communists

89
Q

Which of the main German political parties in the Weimar Republic were anti-republic?

A

Communist Party (KPD), National People’s Party (DNVP), National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP, Nazis)

90
Q

Which of the main German political parties in the Weimar Republic were pro-republic?

A

Social Democratic Party (SPD), German Democratic Party (DDP), Centre Party (Zentrum), People’s Party (DVP)

91
Q

What was the specific attitude of the People’s Party (DVP) to the republic in the Weimar Republic?

A

Pro-republic, but would like a return to having a Kaiser in future

92
Q

What were the policies of the Communist Party (KPD)?

A

Thought Germany should be communist country run by workers’ councils, no parliament

93
Q

What were the policies of the Social Democratic Party (SPD)?

A

Believed everyone was equal, wanted democracy and reforms to help workers

94
Q

What were the policies of the German Democratic Party (DDP)?

A

Believed in individual freedom (eg: right to hold peaceful meetings, freedom of speech)

95
Q

What were the policies of the Centre Party (Zentrum)?

A

Supported interests and beliefs of Catholic Church

96
Q

What were the policies of the People’s Party (DVP)?

A

Supported any policy that promoted trade and industry (to make money)

97
Q

What were the policies of the National People’s Party (DNVP)?

A

Wanted strong government, perhaps led by one strong politician or Kaiser again

98
Q

What were the policies of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP, Nazis)?

A

Wanted Germany to be powerful nation, having strong military again; hated communism as it stated all people equal, believed some races and nations better than others

99
Q

Who were the main winning Allies in WWI?

A

France, Great Britain, the USA

100
Q

When did the winning Allies announce what would happen to Germany after WWI?

A

March 1919

101
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles state about Germany’s fault in the war and its reparations?

A

The war was Germany’s fault, so Germany must pay for its cost (set later at £6.6 billion)

102
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles state about how the reparations were to be paid?

A

Paid to the winners in installments, lasting until 1988

103
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles state about the German military?

A

Germany should have a small army (100,000 soldiers), small navy (6 battleships); no submarines, tanks or airforce

104
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles state about colonies?

A

Germany must hand over its colonies abroad to the winning countries

105
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles make the Rhineland?

A

A demilitarised zone

106
Q

What did it mean for the Treaty of Versailles to make the Rhineland a demilitarised zone?

A

No German soldiers should enter the Rhineland

107
Q

What did the Treaty of Versailles state about Germany and Austria?

A

Germany must never unite with Austria

108
Q

What were European territories Germany lost due to the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Alsace and Lorraine, Eupen and Malmedy, North Schleswig, Eastern Upper Silesia, the Polish Corridor, Danzig

109
Q

What happened to Danzig after World War I?

A

It was put under League of Nations control

110
Q

What happened to Western Upper Silesia after World War I?

A

It was a plebiscite area which voted to remain part of Germany

111
Q

What were new countries created which Germany lost territory to due to the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Poland, Czechoslovakia

112
Q

Which nation did the Treaty of Versailles give Alsace and Lorraine to?

A

France

113
Q

Which nation did the Treaty of Versailles give Eupen and Malmedy to?

A

Belgium

114
Q

Which nation did the Treaty of Versailles give North Schleswig to?

A

Denmark

115
Q

Which nation did the Treaty of Versailles give the Polish Corridor and Eastern Upper Silesia to?

A

Poland

116
Q

Why did the Germans hate the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Felt it was too harsh; forced to sign it; believed Germany could have continued fighting, betrayed by politicians ending war

117
Q

What did Germans call the Treaty of Versailles because they were forced to sign it and what did this mean?

A

Diktat, dictated peace

118
Q

When did the German government sign the Treaty of Versailles?

A

28th June 1919

119
Q

in 1921, how much money was it specified that Germany had to pay in reparations to the winning countries of WWI?

A

£6.6 billion (132 billion gold marks)

120
Q

For how long was Germany told to pay reparations to the winners of WWI in 1921?

A

66 years

121
Q

In 1921, how many gold marks did Germany give to France and Belgium?

A

2 billion gold marks

122
Q

In what form did Germany pay reparations to France and Belgium in 1921?

A

Some payment in gold, most in goods like coal, iron, wood

123
Q

When did Germany announce it couldn’t afford pay the next reparation payment for WWI?

A

1922

124
Q

How did France and Belgium react to Germany failing to pay reparations in 1922?

A

They marched soldiers into the Ruhr in 1923

125
Q

When did French and Belgian soldiers march into the Ruhr?

A

January 1923

126
Q

How many French and Belgian soldiers marched into the Ruhr?

A

60,000

127
Q

What did French and Belgian soldiers do in the Ruhr?

A

Took control of all factories, mines and railways in region; took food and goods from shops; arrested any German who stood up

128
Q

How did the German government respond to the French and Belgian Occupation of the Ruhr (what did it tell them not to do)?

A

Ordered workers to not fight back, but go on strike and not help soldiers remove good from country (passive resistance)

129
Q

How did French and Belgian soldiers respond to the strikers in the Ruhr during their occupation?

A

Over 100 strikers were killed, 15,000 people thrown out of homes as punishment

130
Q

What did the German government do to help the workers striking in the Ruhr during the French and Belgian occupation of it?

A

Printed large amounts of money to pay striking workers

131
Q

What cycle did the German government printing money to pay its striking workers in the Ruhr during the French and Belgian occupation begin?

A

Workers spent money quickly, shopkeepers put up prices, government printed more money for people to buy things, cycle repeated

132
Q

What was the rapid increasing of prices in Germany in 1923 called?

A

Hyperinflation

133
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in 1918?

A

0.6 marks

134
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in 1921?

A

4 marks

135
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in 1922?

A

163 marks

136
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in January 1923?

A

250 marks

137
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in July 1923?

A

3,456 marks

138
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in September 1923?

A

1,512,000 marks

139
Q

What was the price of a loaf of bread in Germany in November 1923?

A

201,000,000,000 marks

140
Q

What was the price of one egg in Germany in 1914?

A

0.9 marks

141
Q

What was the price of one egg in Germany in 1921?

A

0.6 marks

142
Q

What was the price of one egg in Germany in 1922?

A

7 marks

143
Q

What was the price of one egg in Germany in July 1923?

A

5,000 marks

144
Q

What was the price of one egg in Germany in September 1923?

A

4,000,000 marks

145
Q

What was the price of one egg in Germany in November 1923?

A

320,000,000,000 marks

146
Q

Who suffered and benefited from hyperinflation in Germany?

A

Suffered: people with savings, elderly people on fixed pensions, many small businesses Benefited: People who borrowed money

147
Q

What were the consequences of hyperinflation in Germany?

A

Germans suffered greatly, government lost lots of support, German money became worthless

148
Q

What were left-wing beliefs?

A

Workers rule country, equality with no different classes and wealth differences, change is welcome, left-wing views spread worldwide, anti-right-wing

149
Q

What were right-wing beliefs?

A

Strong leader rules; should be major differences between people, classes, races; own country should be strong with empire, change not welcome, anti-left-wing

150
Q

Who led the Kapp Putsch?

A

Right-wing politician and journalist Wolfgang Kapp

151
Q

When did the Kapp Putsch occur?

A

13th - 17th March 1920

152
Q

What forces were involved in the Kapp Putsch?

A

Around 5,000 men (Free Corps), mainly police and ex-soldiers

153
Q

What occurred during the Kapp Putsch?

A

Kapp took over Berlin, President Ebert and government fled from Berlin, workers went on strike, after 100 hours Kapp fled abroad and government returned

154
Q

What did the strike during the Kapp Putsch cause?

A

No gas, water, electricity, trains

155
Q

When did the Red Rising in the Ruhr occur?

A

March - April 1920

156
Q

How did the government respond to the Red Rising in the Ruhr?

A

Sent soldiers and some Free Corps to deal with rebellion

157
Q

How many workers were killed in the Red Rising in the Ruhr and the government’s response?

A

Over 1,000

158
Q

How many political murders were there between 1919 and 1922?

A

Over 350

159
Q

When was Matthias Erzberger killed?

A

August 1921

160
Q

How was Matthias Erzberger killed?

A

He was shot dead

161
Q

Who was Matthias Erzberger?

A

The German politician who signed the armistice in 1918

162
Q

Who was Walter Rathenau?

A

The German Foreign Minister

163
Q

When was Walter Rathenau killed?

A

June 1922

164
Q

Who was Philipp Scheidemann?

A

An important politician in the Weimar government

165
Q

When was the “Rhineland Republic” set up?

A

October 1923

166
Q

When was “Free Palatinate” set up?

A

November 1923

167
Q

When did the Putsch of the Black Reichswehr occur?

A

1st October 1923

168
Q

When was there a worker’s rising in Plauen?

A

April 1920

169
Q

When was there a worker’s rising in Halle?

A

March 1921

170
Q

Which state governments were taken over by Communists / Socialists?

A

Thuringia and Saxony

171
Q

When was Adolf Hitler born?

A

1889

172
Q

When did Adolf Hitler die?

A

1945

173
Q

By what year had both of Hitler’s parents died?

A

1907

174
Q

When was Hitler injured in WWI?

A

October 1918

175
Q

What did Hitler do in WWI?

A

Worked mainly as a messenger, fought in many battles

176
Q

When did Hitler first discover the German Workers’ Party?

A

May 1919

177
Q

What newspaper did Hitler persuade his party to buy?

A

Munich Observer

178
Q

What were key changes Hitler made to the German Workers’ Party?

A

Designed new flag with swastika; established Stormtroopers (SA), party’s private army; changed party name to National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP)

179
Q

How many members did the Nazi Party have in 1920 and 1921?

A

1920 - 3000, 1921 - 5000

180
Q

What was the Munich Putsch, who perpetrated it, when did it occur?

A

Attempted putsch; Hitler, Nazis and SA perpetrated it; 8th - 9th November 1923

181
Q

Who died during the gun battle of the Munich Putsch?

A

3 policemen, 16 Nazis

182
Q

How long did Hitler stay in prison for the Munich Putsch and when was he released?

A

Served 9 months, released in December 1924

182
Q

How long did Hitler’s trial last after the Munich Putsch?

A

24 days

183
Q

When did Hitler live in Vienna?

A

Between 1907 and 1913

183
Q

What were the punishments for Ludendorff and Hitler after the Munich Putsch?

A

Ludendorff set free, Hitler sent to prison for 5 years

183
Q

What was Mein Kampf (My Struggle)?

A

A book written by Hitler in prison describing his life, political and racial views

184
Q

What is the timeline of Stresemann’s political career and death?

A

Member of German parliament since 1907; Chancellor in 1923; German Foreign Minister from 1924 - 1929, died in 1929

185
Q

What 4 major issues did Stresemann solve?

A

Hyperinflation crisis; Ruhr Occupation and reparations; Declined global status; Economic and industrial issues

186
Q

How did Stresemann solve the hyperinflation crisis?

A

Stopped printing old currency, replaced with Rentenmark, in 1924 Rentenmark replaced with Reichsmark which remained for 25 years

187
Q

How did Stresemann solve the issue of the Ruhr Occupation and reparations

A

Dawes Plan: organised US to lend 800 million gold marks to Germany to re-start payments; troops left Ruhr, Young Plan: Stresemann negotiated reparations down from £6.6 billion to £1.8 billion

188
Q

How did Stresemann improve Germany’s international status?

A

1925 Germany signed Locarno Pact with Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, never to invade each other, joined League of Nations in 1926, signed Kellogg-Briand Pact in 1928 where countries agreed never to go to war unless in self-defence

189
Q

How did Stresemann improve the German economy

A

Used borrowed US money to build factories, houses, schools, roads, giving more jobs, more money earned, some American companies (like Ford, Gillette) built factories in Germany

190
Q

How did the sale of radios change in Germany?

A

1 million in 1926 to 4 million in 1932

190
Q

How did the vote share of the Nazis change from 1924 to 1928?

A

5% of Germans’ vote in 1924, around 2% in 1928

191
Q

When was Germany’s Golden Age?

A

1924 - 1929

192
Q

What happened in Cinema during Germany’s Golden Age?

A

Cinema popularity, Metropolis by Fritz Lang most technically advanced film of decade, German-born actress Marlene Dietrich played strong women

193
Q

What happened to nightlife during Germany’s Golden Age?

A

Kurt Weill’s The Threepenny Opera adapted by Bertolt Brecht popular, Berlin famous for nightclubs, “transvestite evenings”

194
Q

What happened to literature during Germany’s Golden Age?

A

120 newspapers and magazines to choose from, All Quiet on the Western Front sold 0.5 million copies in 3 months

195
Q

What happened to art and design in Germany’s Golden Age?

A

Avant-garde artists like Otto Dix and George Grosz believed art should show reality, Bauhaus designers believed in practical designs over elaborate ones

196
Q

How did some Germans negatively reacts to the cultural changes and what happened when the Nazis took power?

A

Some wanted culture to celebrate older values, Berlin viewed by some as corrupt and sex-obsessed, many Weimar artists and performers fled when Hitler took power

History (7 decks)

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