Britain: Health and the People, Modern Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
What two lines of medical research emerged after the late 19th century?
A
Prevention and cure
2
Q
Vaccines were created to prevent which diseases?
A
Diphtheria, tuberculosis, rabies, anthrax
3
Q
What was prontosil and its main active ingredient?
A
A red chemical that worked against germs causing blood poisoning, main active ingredient was sulphonamide (chemical from coal tar)
4
Q
Magic bullets were developed to cure or control which diseases?
A
Meningitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever
5
Q
What was staphylococcus and how many different strains did it have?
A
A germ, highly resistant form of bacteria with over 30 different strains which caused wide range of diseases, especially types of food and blood poisoning
6
Q
When was Alexander Fleming born and when did he die?
A
Born 1881, died 1955
7
Q
What was the story of Alexander Fleming’s career (dates and details)?
A
Was a bacteriologist, during WWI, sent by St Mary’s Hospital in London to study treatment of wounded soldiers, published findings on effects of penicillin mould in 1928, won a Nobel Prize in 1945
8
Q
What is the difference between an antiseptic and an antibiotic?
A
Antiseptic is chemical mostly used outside body to kill germs, antibiotic is medicine that can enter body and kills germs as it travels around body
9
Q
What did Fleming not realise when he first discovered penicillin?
A
Concluded it was a natural antiseptic, didn’t realise it was an antibiotic
10
Q
How much money did Howard Florey and Ernst Chain get from the British government when they applied to do research into penicillin?
A
£25
11
Q
Which animals and which person did Florey and Chain inject penicillin into?
A
8 mice, 43-year-old policeman Albert Alexander who had been scratched by a rose bush and had an infection
12
Q
When did Howard Florey go to America to meet with the US government about penicillin?
A
June 1941
13
Q
How did the production of penicillin evolve through WWII?
A
By start of 1943, enough penicillin made to treat 100 patients; by 1944 enough to treat 40,000; by end of war in 1945, Britain and USA working closely to produce enough penicillin to treat 250,000 people a month
14
Q
What are some of the larger companies today in the pharmaceutical industry which were started towards the end of the 19th century?
A
GlaxoSmithKline, Hoffmann-La Roche, Pfizer
15
Q
What technological advances in the 1800s allowed pharmaceutical drug production to become industrialised and when?
A
Invention of first tablet-making machine (1843, in England); invention of the gelatine pill capsule (1875)
16
Q
How many people does the pharmaceutical industry employ in the UK alone today?
A
80,000
17
Q
What percentage of wounded British and American soldiers would have died without being given penicillin to fight their infections?
A
Est. 12% - 15%
18
Q
What antibiotics followed penicillin, what did they treat, and when were they developed?
A
Streptomycin (1944) treated tuberculosis; tetracycline (1953) cleared up skin infections; mitomycin (1956) has been used as a chemotherapy drug for treating different types of cancer
19
Q
Which 3 individuals were important in the discovery and development of penicillin?
A
Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain
20
Q
What were the life expectancies of men and women in 1900 and 1945?
A
1900 - 46 (men), 50 (women); 1945 - 60 (men), 65 (women)
21
Q
When was the vaccine for TB made free in the UK?
A
1948
22
Q
When did Canadian surgeon William Bigelow perform the first open-heart surgery to repair a “hole” in a baby’s heart?
A
1950
23
Q
When did Mexican company Syntex develop norethisterone, the first contraceptive pill to prevent women ovulating?
A
1951
24
Q
When was the first miniature hearing aid produced and the first kidney transplant carried out?
A
1952
25
When was the first kidney transplant carried out in the UK?
1960
26
When was DNA photographed, capturing its pattern, and by who?
By British scientist Rosalind Franklin in 1951
27
When did American Leroy Steven discover stem cells?
1953
28
When did Francis Crick and James Watson map out the DNA structure?
1953
29
When was the free vaccine for diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus (triple vaccine) introduced in the UK?
1954
30
When was the free vaccine for polio introduced in the UK?
1955
31
When was the drug thalidomide developed in Germany?
1957
32
When was the first pacemaker fitted and where?
1958 in Sweden
33
When was the first pacemaker fitted in the UK?
1960
34
When did surgeons at a hospital in America re-attach the arm of a 12-year-old boy?
1962
35
When was a free vaccine for measles introduced in the UK?
1964
36
When did Christian Barnard, a South African heart surgeon, perform the first heart transplant? How long did the patient live for?
1967, patient lived for 18 days
37
When did the first heart transplant occur in the UK and where?
1968 at Papworth Hospital
38
When was a free vaccine for rubella (German measles) introduced in the UK?
1969
39
When did British scientist Roy Calne develop the drug cyclosporine, preventing the body rejecting transplanted organs?
1970
40
When did British surgeon Sir John Charnley develop hip replacements?
1972
41
When was the CAT scanner invented and by who?
British scientist Geoff Hounsfield in 1973
42
When were endoscopes developed?
1975
43
When was Louise Brown, the first "test tube baby" born using IVF fertility treatment, born?
1978
44
When was smallpox officially declared eradicated?
1980
45
When were 2 burn victims in the USA given skin grafts at Harvard University?
1984
46
When did British woman Davina Thompson become the first heart, lung and liver transplant patient?
1986
47
By which date was MRI scanning widely used to monitor brain activity?
1987
48
When was the Human Genome Project formally launched and how was it funded?
1990, funded by governments of USA, Britain, Japan, China, France and Canada as well as drug companies hoping to profit
49
What was the Human Genome Project?
Collaborative biological research project that aimed to decode all genes in the human body and identify their roles
50
When did researchers breed the first cloned animal and how?
Researchers from Scotland bred the first cloned animal, a sheep called Dolly, cloned from a cell taken from a 6-year-old ewe, in 1996
51
When did Dolly the cloned sheep die and why?
February 2003 from a lung disease
52
When did American surgeons implant electrodes connected to a miniature computer into the visual cortex of a blind man, using a video camera, allowing him to "see" well enough to drive a car?
2002
53
When was the Human Genome Project declared complete?
2003
54
When was the first partial face transplant carried out?
2006
55
When was the first HPV (anti-cancer) vaccine approved?
2006
56
When was the Argus II prosthetic eye released?
2007
57
When was the first full face transplant?
2008
58
When was the first human liver grown from stem cells?
2013
59
When were 2 scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of "genetic scissors" and when?
French scientist Emmanuelle Charpentier and American scientist Jennifer Doudna awarded 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
60
When was the first COVID-19 vaccine administered in the UK as part of a mass vaccination programme?
December 2020
61
What are reasons why drugs and treatments have developed greatly in the late 20th century?
Technology, change in attitudes, war, government and finance, communication, individual character
62
What is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and when was it first reported?
An antibiotics-resistant bacteria first reported in a British study in 1961
63
What were the causes of death in the UK in 1919?
Infectious diseases - 20%, heart/circulatory diseases - 14%, cancer - 8%, respiratory diseases - 18%, nervous system - 36%, injuries/poisoning - 4%
64
What were the causes of death in the UK in 2000?
Infectious diseases - 1%, heart/circulatory diseases - 46%, cancer - 26%, respiratory diseases - 11%, nervous system - 13%, injuries/poisoning - 3%
65
What is alternative medicine?
Any way of treating an illness or health condition that doesn't rely on mainstream, doctor-dispensed scientific medicine, or on proven evidence gathered using the scientific method
66
What is complementary medicine?
When an alternative practice is used together with conventional medicine
67
What are examples of alternative or complementary medicine?
Aromatherapy, hypnotherapy, homeopathy, acupuncture
68
What are examples of "positive health" (seemingly)?
Regular exercise, good diet avoiding sugary, fatty foods, not having tobacco or misusing alcohol or drugs
69
When were X-rays discovered?
1895
70
In what areas did WWI contribute to medical development?
Shell shock, blood transfusions, X-rays, plastic surgery, infection, broken bones
71
How many people were killed in the first and second World Wars?
Over 10 million killed in WWI, over 20 million killed in WWII
72
How can war have a negative effect on medical progress?
doctors taken away from normal work to treat casualties, lots of medical research stopped in wartime to concentrate on war effort, warfare destroyed places of learning and knowledge
73
Who discovered blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner
74
How was a method discovered to stop blood from clotting on contact with air and when?
Albert Hustin discovered glucose and sodium citrate stopped blood from clotting on contact with air in 1914
75
When were X-rays discovered?
1895
76
Who was Harold Gillies and what did he do?
Was a London-based army doctor, contributed to development of plastic surgery, established special unit to graft (transplant) skin and treat men suffering from severe facial wounds
77
When did Queen's Hospital in Kent open and what did it do?
Opened in 1917, provided over 1000 beds for soldiers with severe facial wounds by 1921
78
How many people did Gillies and his colleagues treat and when?
Treated over 5000 servicemen by 1921
79
What technique to repair broken bones was developed during WWI and what was it?
Army Leg Split (or Keller-Blake Splint) developed, which elevated and extended the broken leg "in traction"
80
In which areas did WWII impact surgery and health in Britain?
Blood transfusions, heart surgery, National Health Service, hygiene and disease, drug development, poverty, diet, plastic surgery
81
When did the British National Blood Transfusion Service open?
1946
82
Who was Dwight Harken and what did he do?
American army surgeon, stationed in London, cut into beating hearts and used bare hands to remove bullets and bits of shrapnel
83
When did William Beveridge propose a free National Health Service for all?
1942
84
A national immunisation programme against which disease was launched during WWII in Britain?
Diphtheria
85
By which year was enough penicillin produced to treat all Allied forces in Europe?
1944
86
How many children were evacuated from Britain's towns and cities into the countryside during WWII?
Over 1 million
87
Who was Archibald McIndoe and what did he do?
A doctor from New Zealand, trained and worked in Britain, cousin of Harold Gillies, used new drugs like penicillin to prevent infection when treating pilots with horrific facial injuries, worked on reconstructing damaged faces and hands
88
What technological developments continued after the World Wars?
Improved anaesthetics; better antiseptics; drugs prevented rejection of new organs from patient body; keyhole surgery; microsurgery; radiation therapy (radiotherapy); surgery with lasers
89
When was a laser first used in an eye operation?
1987
90
It is estimated that what proportion of all cancer patients will receive some type of radiation therapy during the course of their treatment?
About half
91
What are lasers used to do in surgery?
Still commonly used in eye surgery, increasingly used to treat variety of skin conditions, help clear blocked arteries, remove tumours and ulcers and control bleeding
92
When did the Boer War occur, where did it occur and who fought in it?
In war, British and Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers in Africa) competed for control of land in southern Africa, occurred from 1899 - 1902
93
What proportions of men weren't fit enough to be soldiers in the UK in the Boer War?
Around 40% of men volunteering too unhealthy to be soldiers, in some big cities, 90% of men not fit enough
94
In 1904, which committee released a report and what was in it?
Report released by special committee to enquire into the "Physical Deterioration of the People", report acknowledged many men failed to enter army due to unhealthy lives
95
Who made Life and Labour of the People in London and what did it show?
Was reports by Charles Booth, found that around 30% of Londoners so poor they didn't have enough money to eat properly, despite having full-time jobs, Booth demonstrated link between poverty and high death rate
96
Who made Poverty: A Study of Town Life, when was it made and what did it show?
Seebohm Rowntree, in 1901, showed that in York, 28% of the population didn't have the minimum amount of money to live on at some time of their life
97
When was the Labour Party founded?
1900
98
Who were Liberal Party politicians who believed direct action from the government was needed to improve public health, welfare and productivity?
Winston Churchill and David Lloyd George
99
Which party won the 1906 general election?
Liberal Party
100
When was the School Meals Act passed and what did it do?
Passed in 1906, allowed local councils to provide school meals, with poor children getting a free meal
101
How many children were having a free school meal every day by 1914?
Over 158,000 children
102
When did the government tell all councils that they should have a school medical service?
1907
103
When was the Children and Young Person's Act passed, and what did it do?
Passed in 1908; made children into "protected persons", criminal for parents to neglect or be cruel to them, inspectors need to regularly visit children neglected in the past, all children's homes to be regularly inspect, youth courts and young offendors' homes to be set up to keep young criminal away from older ones, children under 14 not allowed into pubs, shopkeepers can't sell cigarettes to anyone under 16
104
When were special schools established to teach young women about the benefits of breastfeeding, hygiene and childcare?
From 1907
105
What did a National Insurance Act do in the UK?
Introduced unemployment benefit ("the dole"), free medical treatment, sickness pay
106
When did local councils have to provide health visitors, clinics for pregnant women and day nurseries?
1918
107
When did a huge slum clearance programme begin?
By 1930
108
What was the infant mortality rate in Britain (babies for every 1000 that died before reaching 1 year old) from 1840 - 2010?
1840 - 150; 1850 - 158; 1860 - 152; 1870 - 160; 1880 - 140; 1890 - 152; 1900 - 163; 1910 - 110; 1920 - 80; 1930 - 60; 1940 - 55; 1950 - 25; 1960 - 20; 1970 - 17; 1980 - 15; 1990 - 6; 2000 - 5; 2010 - 4
109
How does the welfare state in Britain help children?
Clinics; cheap - or free - milk and foods; cheap - or free - school dinners; education; free dental care and spectacles
110
How does the welfare state in Britain help adults and their families?
Free doctors; free hospitals; cheap medicines; family allowances; sick pay; unemployment pay or dole; training; pensions for those unable to work; money for those on no or very small incomes; maternity grants
111
How does the welfare state in Britain help elderly people?
Retirement pensions; care homes; home help; meals at home; financial help with funeral costs
112
When was Sir William Beveridge born and when did he die?
Born in 1879, died in 1963
113
When was the Beveridge Report published and what did it say?
Published 1942, said people all over country had right to be free of "five giants" that could ruin their lives: disease, want (need), ignorance, idleness, squalor (very poor living conditions)
114
How many copies did the Beveridge report sell in its first month of publication?
Over 100,000 copies
115
When was the National Health Service (NHS) established and what did it do?
Established in 1948, made all medical treatment - doctors, hospitals, ambulances, dentists and opticians - free to all who wanted it
116
How did the labour government, led by Clement Attlee, put many of Beveridge's reforms into practice?
NHS established, weekly family allowance payment introduced to help with childcare costs, very poor received financial help ("benefits"), school leaving age raised to 15, more free university places created, government programme of "slum clearance" continued, 12 new towns created, by 1948 280,000 new council homes being built each year
117
In a survey of around 45,000 doctors, how many opposed a National Health Service?
Nearly 41,000
118
How did Aneurin Bevan, Minister of Health, convince doctors to support the National Health Service?
Promised them a salary, allowed them to treat private patients as well
119
Up until 1948, how many people had never seen a doctor as they couldn't afford to?
Around 8 million
120
How has life expectancy for men and women changed since 1948?
For women, risen from 66 to 83 since 1948; for men, risen from 64 to 79 since 1948
121
in 2014, what was life expectancy like in wealthy London areas of Kensington and Chelsea, and what was it like for less wealthy area of Blackpool?
Kensington and Chelsea had life expectancy of 83.3 years, Blackpool had 74.7 years
122
What services does the NHS ensure no one is deprived of?
Family planning, physiotherapy, child care, cancer screening, asthma, clinics and minor surgery
123
When was tobacco advertising banned in the UK?
2005
124
When did a smoking ban make it illegal to smoke in all enclosed public spaces?
2007
125
When were drivers in England banned from smoking in cars while carrying children as passengers?
2015
