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Geology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Dominant organism of Precambrian

A

Stromatolites

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2
Q

Dominant Organism of Paleozoic

A

Trilobites

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3
Q

Dominant Organism of Mesozoic

A

Dinosaurs

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4
Q

Dominant Organism of Cenozoic

A

Humans

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5
Q

The Great Dying

A

Ended Paleozic Era; Siberan Straights erupted

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6
Q

Ending of Mesozoic Era

A

A Meteor hit earth

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7
Q

Evidence of Ending of Mesozoic Era

A

iridium in K/T rocks; Shock Quartz; Crater

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8
Q

Era

A

Due to mass extinction

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9
Q

Period

A

Due to New dominant species

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10
Q

Epoche

A

Due to new dominant mammal

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11
Q

Rockslide

A

Fast; Sedimentary; Rock Slides down bedding plane

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12
Q

Lahar

A

Fast; Volcanic ash mixed with water; Grey

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13
Q

Mudflow

A

Fast; Clay mixed with water; Usually in spring due to snow melt; Very fluid

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14
Q

Slump

A

Slow; Saturation of water causes soil below surface layer to drop downhill; Surface stays intact

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15
Q

Creep

A

Slow; Slow movement of soil; Due to freeze/thawing; Causes tiliting of objects

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16
Q

Solification

A

Slow; Top layer melts (in spring), moves slowly over permafrost; In Arctic climates

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17
Q

Main cause of mass movements

A

Moisture

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18
Q

Factores that affect mass movements (most important first)

A
  1. Amount of moisture, adds weight + makes slippery; 2. Angle of Slope; 3. Lack of vegetation; 4. Rock Type, sedimentary are more likely to slide; 5. Roundness (More round= faster)
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19
Q

How to prevent mass movements

A

Fence/ walls (temperary fix); Leaving enough space; Plant vegetation; Provide good drainage (best way) (Most expensive)

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20
Q

Angle of Repose

A

Max angle sediments can retain; Larger particle = large angle of repose

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21
Q

Mechanical Weathering

A

Accomplished by physical forces that break down into smaller + smaller pieces without changing a rock’s mineral composition; Ex: Frost wedging, biological activity, unloading

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22
Q

Chemical Weathering

A

A chemical transformation of rock into one or more new compounds

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23
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical Weathering; Rock reacts with acid + water to form clays

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24
Q

Dissolution

A

Chemical Weathering; Carbonate (rock) and acid rain create calcium carbonate solutions; Sink holes and caves

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25
Q

Oxidation

A

Chemical Weathering; Rock with O2 or goundwater with Fe is a powerful agent that makes rock red

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26
Q

Weathering of granite

A

Hydrolysis

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27
Q

Weathering of Basalt

A

Oxidation

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28
Q

Weathering of Sandstone

A

Granual disintegration

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29
Q

Weathering of Limestone

A

Dissolution

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30
Q

Shale weathering

A

Hydolysis

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31
Q

Tropical weathering

A

Strong Chemical

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32
Q

Polar + Desert Weathering

A

Weak chemical + weak physical

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33
Q

Mid-latitude (Michigan)

A

Strong chemical + strong mechanical

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34
Q

How do caves form?

A

From dissolution

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35
Q

Usefulness of gravel

A

drains fast

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36
Q

Usefulness of sand

A

drains fast

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37
Q

Usefulness of loam

A

Best for plants; Lots of organics

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38
Q

Usefulness of silt

A

Poor aeration; Compacts easily

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39
Q

Useflness of clay

A

absorbs water; Doesn’t let water pass through

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40
Q

How foliation forms

A

From pressure due to plate collisions

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41
Q

Pressure on Metamorphic rocks

A

Foliation

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42
Q

Increased heat on Metamorphic rocks

A

Larger crystals

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43
Q

Hydrothermal solution (chem. Fluids) on Metamorphic rocks

A

Chemical change

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44
Q

Contact metamorphism

A

Change due to heat; Small scale; Heat has to come in contact to change rock

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45
Q

Karat

A

Gold; K/24K x100= % K

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46
Q

Caret

A

Diamon; 1 c = 1/5 grams

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47
Q

Color of diamond

A

on D-Z scale; D= best color; Z+ = fancy/rare colored diamonds

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48
Q

Clarity

A

Loop clan; Eye clean; Slightly included

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49
Q

Loop clean

A

no imperfections when seen with loupe

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50
Q

Eye clean

A

No imperfections when seen with naked eye

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51
Q

Slightly included/included

A

Can see imperfections with eyes

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52
Q

Cut

A

One of the the 4 c’s human can control; Faceting and cabochoning

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53
Q

Cabochoning

A

for obq gems

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54
Q

Faceting

A

For TPT and TLT gems

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55
Q

Round Brilliance

A

designed to show off diamond

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56
Q

4 C’s

A

Cut, clarity, color, caret

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57
Q

Intrusive

A

Igneous rocks that form at depth

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58
Q

Extrusive

A

molten rock that solidifes at the surface

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59
Q

Magma

A

molten rock stored in Earth’s crust

60
Q

Lava

A

magma that reaches the surface

61
Q

Mafic rock

A

low in quartz; dark in color

62
Q

Felsic rock

A

high in quartz; light in color

63
Q

Bowen’s reaction series

A

Minerals that will cryallize at highest temp: Olivine; Minerals that will crytallize at lowest temp: quartz, mica, k-feldspar

64
Q

Phoryritic

A

Igneous rock with two different sized crystals; Two distinct cooling rates

65
Q

Phaneritic

A

Coarse grained; slowly cooled magma for 100’s of years

66
Q

Vesicular

A

Air bubbles; rapid cooling in minutes/second

67
Q

Aphanetic

A

Fine grained; Rapidly cooled in days

68
Q

Dangers of coal mining

A

black lung

69
Q

Reclamation Act of 1977

A

A company must prove that the land can be reclaimed before mining permits are issued

70
Q

Mining law of 1872

A

Authorized the propecting and mining for economic minerals; To promote development and settlement of land in the West

71
Q

In-Situ Mining

A

Leaching; Solution mining that uses and acid (cyanide) to dissolve metal

72
Q

Examles of solution mining

A

copper, gold, salt, nickel, uranium

73
Q

Solution mining

A

uses liquid to dissolve minerals

74
Q

Pros of Surface mining

A

Cheaper; Safer; Able to remove more material

75
Q

Cons of Surface mining

A

Need alrge area; Hurts enviorment

76
Q

Pros of Underground mining

A

Access to valuable ore; Less waste; Can dig in populated areas;; Ability to go deeper

77
Q

Cons of Underground mining

A

Ventiliation issues; collapse issues; expensive

78
Q

Halides

A

Halogens (Cl,F); Halite, Fluorite

79
Q

Native Elements

A

On periodic table; Gold (Au) and Uranium (U)

80
Q

Oxides

A

O alone; Hematite, magnetite

81
Q

Suflides

A

S; Ex: FeS2; Galena, pyrite

82
Q

Sulfates

A

SO4; Gypsum

83
Q

Carbonates

A

COO3; Calcite, Dolomite

84
Q

Silicates

A

SiO4; Most abundent mineral group

85
Q

Feldspare

A

Most common

86
Q

Diaphanetly

A

Amont of light that passes through mineral; TPT (Transparent), TLT (Translucent); OPQ

87
Q

Color

A

Unrealiable because many minerals come in different colors

88
Q

Streak

A

most useful for metallic minerals

89
Q

Clevage

A

Way minerals split along planes of weakness; 1: flaky/platy; 2: stairs; 3=90: Cubes/Rectangles

90
Q

Hardness

A

1-2: can scratch w/ finger nail; 3-4: Copper penny scratches mineral; 4-5: Iron nail scratches mineral; 5 and greater: Scratches glass

91
Q

Luster

A

Amount of light a mineral reflects; Metallic, Nonmetallic vitreous (glass), nonmetallic earthy

92
Q

Mineral Rules

A

Must be naturally occuring; Must be inorganic; Must be solid; Must have an orderly internal structure; Must have a definite chemical composition

93
Q

Rhyolitic Lava

A

Thick; More explosive

94
Q

Basaltic Lava

A

Thin, runny; Quiet

95
Q

Hot spot

A

Shield volcano

96
Q

Divergent

97
Q

continent/continent

98
Q

Ocean/continent

99
Q

Shield volcano eruption type

A

runny lava; quiet

100
Q

Shield volcano cone shape

A

wide and big; genlty slopes

101
Q

Products of shield volcanos

A

Pahohoe + Aa; Pele’s hair

102
Q

Cinder eruption type

A

Gaseous; Erupts once

103
Q

Cinder Cone shape

A

Steep, small, and made of scoria

104
Q

Products of Cinder

A

Scoria and gas

105
Q

Caldera

A

Strato-> massive eruption with pyroclastic flow; Basaltic-> quiet, mainly lava

106
Q

Composite Eruption type

A

Explosive; Little lava, mainly pyroclasts; Thick lava; Felsic rocks

107
Q

Composte cone shape

A

Large; High viscosity lava; Deep slopes; Layers of pyroclastic +lava

108
Q

Products of composite

A

pyroclasts; thick lava; pumic, rhyolite; ash

109
Q

4 ways sediments turn into sedimentary rock

A

Compaction; Cementation; Precipitation;Evaportation

110
Q

Transgression

A

Sea level rises; Finining upward; 1. Limestone, 2. Shale, 3. Sandstone

111
Q

Regression

A

Sea level drops; Coarsing upward; 1. Sandstone, 2. Shale, 3. Limestone

112
Q

Varves

A

Dark layers (fine material) (winter) + light layers (coarse material) (Summer); 1 set= 1 year; Usually sandstone

113
Q

Gradded bedding

A

Large particles settle out first; High energy to low energy enviroment; deep water

114
Q

Cross bedding

A

result of wind or water currents changing direction

115
Q

Assymetrical ripple marks

A

Shallow water or wind; Indicated currents direction

116
Q

Symmetrical Ripple marks

A

Deep water with no current

117
Q

Ripple marks

A

Hard to preserve; Sand + sandstone

118
Q

Mud Cracks

A

Form in alternating wet/dry enviroments; Areas called Tidal flats; Sandstone +Shale

119
Q

Parent rock of slate

120
Q

Parent rock of phyllite

121
Q

Parent rock of schist

122
Q

Parent rock of gneiss

A

Schist or granite

123
Q

Parent rock of jaspillite

A

Iron formation

124
Q

Parent rock of quartzite

125
Q

Parent rock of Marble

A

Limestone or dolomite

126
Q

Parent rock of hornfels

A

basalt or scoria

127
Q

Parent rock of anthractite

128
Q

Parent rock of metaconlomerate

A

conglomerate

129
Q

Increasing metamorphism (Lowest pressure to highest)

A

Slate-Phyllite-Schist-Gneiss-Jaspillite

130
Q

Low degree of metamorphism

A

Chlorite Muscovite and biotite

131
Q

High Degree of Metamorphism

A

Stilimanite

132
Q

Low viscosity

A

Runny lava

133
Q

high viscosity

A

Thick lava

134
Q

Calculate mass of ore from a pit

A

Volume (LWH) x % x Density = mT

135
Q

1 caret=

136
Q

Rate of plate movement

A

Distance/ difference in age

137
Q

Plates move…

A

Towards the smallest island (oldest)

138
Q

Silicate minerals are so common because…

A

Si + O2 are common elements; Difficult to weather away

139
Q

What color is a D diamond

140
Q

What color is a G diamond

A

Light yellow

141
Q

VS

A

Referring to clarity; Very slighly included

142
Q

Volcano high in silica

143
Q

A silica poor, iron rich, fine grained volcanic rock

144
Q

What lithification process creates sandstone?

A

Cementation

145
Q

What lithification process creates limestone?

A

Precipitation

Geology (8 decks)

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