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Geology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

relative dating

A

sequence of geologic events in a region

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2
Q

Law of superposition

A

older layer is on bottom; Works best for sedimentary rocks

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3
Q

Principle of original horizontality

A

sediments are originally deposited as horizontal beds; Use for tilted/bent layers

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4
Q

What causes rocks to bend?

A

plate collisions or temperature

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5
Q

Folding happens after…

A

rocks were deposited

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6
Q

Law of cross cutting

A

An igneous intrusion/fault is younger than the rock layers that it cuts across

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7
Q

Law of inclusions

A

The inclusion is older than the rock it is in

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8
Q

Angular unconformities

A

folding

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9
Q

nonconformity

A

younger sedimentary rock on top of older igneous rocks

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10
Q

disconformity

A

missing sedimentary rock layers

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11
Q

How MI basin formed?

A

Deposited as Sea dried up; Forms circular patterns; oldest rocks on edges of basin

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12
Q

Relative dating

A

a sequence of geologic events

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13
Q

Absolute

A

the exact age of a rock

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14
Q

Radiometric dating

A

divide parent isotope by 2 until reach amount left; count # times you divided by 2

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15
Q

Divergent

A

moving apart; Mid-ocean ridge; Tensional stress

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16
Q

Example of Divergent boundary

A

Mid-ocean ridge; East African Rift

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17
Q

Convergent

A

Moving together; Compressional Stress; Trenches

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18
Q

ocean-ocean convergence

A

Formes deepest trenches; Volcanoes form on ocean floor off continental coast; Island Archs + earthquakes; Andesite

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19
Q

Ocean-Ocean example

A

Japan; Caribbean Islands

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20
Q

Ocean-Continental Convergence

A

Trenches (not as deep); ocean subducts b/c more dense; Composite volcanoes; Pumice + rhyolite

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21
Q

Examples of Ocean-COntinental

A

Mt. St. Helens; Rings of Fire

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22
Q

Transform

A

Plates sliding past each other; Shearing stress; Shallow earthquakes

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23
Q

Example of transform

A

San Andreas Fault

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24
Q

How do plates move?

A

Convection currents + slab/pull

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25
Q

Convection currents

A

Hot magma rises and cold magama sinks creating a current

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26
Q

Slab pull

A

Plates pull themselves down at subductive zones due to gravity

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27
Q

How did Wegner change science of geology?

A

Continental Drift theory

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28
Q

How do magnetic reversals support plate tectonics?

A

Zebra stripes on ocean floor had to form together

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29
Q

Formation of Himalayas

A

Convergence of Australian-Indian plate w/ Eurasian palte

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30
Q

San Andreas Fault

A

Transform fault between North American and Pacific Plate

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31
Q

Andes mountains

A

Convergent of nazca and South American plates

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32
Q

Mt. St Helens

A

Convergent of Juan De Fuca and North American plates

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33
Q

Mid Atlantic Ridge

A

Divergent of North American and Eurasian plates

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34
Q

Red Sea

A

Divergent of Arabia and African plates

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35
Q

Mariana Trench

A

Ocean-Ocean Convergence of Pacific and Phillipine Plates

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36
Q

Iceland

A

Ocean Divergent of North American and Eurasian Plates

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37
Q

How a spit formed…

A

Ridges of sand tht extends into mouth of an adjacent bay; Created by longshore currents + beach drift; Depositional

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38
Q

How tombolo formed…

A

Ridge of sand that conects an island to the mainland; Created by longshore currents; Depositional

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39
Q

How baymouth bar formed…

A

Sandbar that corsses a bay; Sections off bay from open ocean; Depositional

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40
Q

Sea arch

A

when sides of headlands are attacks by wave refraction; Erosional

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41
Q

Wave cut platfrom

A

Created from cutting action of surf against rock of coastal land, gradually over hanging rocks erosed; Erosional

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42
Q

Emergent coast

A

Developed due to an area experiences uplift or result of drop in sea level

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43
Q

Submergent shorline

A

created when sea level rises or land adjacent to land subsides underwater

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44
Q

Longshore current

A

Pushes the sand

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45
Q

Ocean sand

A

Well rounded, well sorted, and usually mainly quartz

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46
Q

Desert sand

A

angular

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47
Q

Great Lakes sand

A

Variety of minerals because glaciers

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48
Q

Problems with groins

A

current erodes sand from beach on leeward side of groin

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49
Q

Problem with seawalls

A

seaward side of beach experience significant erosion; Eventually wall falls due to reduced width of beach and increased pounding of water

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50
Q

pacific Coastlines

A

rocksy, tectonically active, beach sand supply from rivers

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51
Q

Atlantic coastlines

A

subject to hurricans, has barrier islands

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52
Q

Barrier islands

A

sand deposits

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53
Q

How Morains formed

A

depsoited along edge of glacier dueing melting

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54
Q

sediment of morians

A

till

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55
Q

Esker

A

Curving ridges of stratified drift; deposited by melt water streams;

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56
Q

Sediment of esker

A

outwash

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57
Q

Kame formation

A

depsoited at end of meltwater streams (delta); Mined for gravel

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58
Q

Kame sediment

A

outwash

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59
Q

Kettle lake formation

A

made from ice blocks

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60
Q

Kettle lake sediment

A

till

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61
Q

Outwash plain formation

A

lake meltwater; Formed next to moraines

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62
Q

Drumlin formation

A

Hills of sediment deposited by glacier

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63
Q

Drumlin sediment

A

till

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64
Q

How glaciers formed Great Lakes

A
  1. each of Great Lakes started as rivers; 2. glaciers carved v-shaped valleys into u-shaped valleys as climate cooled; 3. As climate warmed; glaviers began to melt and retreat; 4. freshwayer from melting glaciers filled in u-shaped valleys
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65
Q

Oldest GL

A

Erie

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66
Q

Youngest GL

A

Supieriour

67
Q

3 pieves of evidence to support glaciers in MI

A
  1. MI covered in till; 2. Morain deposits follow outline of GL; 3. Erratics; 4. Striations/grooves
68
Q

Plesiocene glaciers (When/Where)

A

2 mya; As far as Ohio/Illinois

69
Q

Till

A

unsorted, deposited by ice

70
Q

Outwash

71
Q

Cirques

A

bowl shaped depression located where glacier begins to form

72
Q

Fjord

A

long, deep narrow salt water valley; Glaciers carved u-shaped valley

73
Q

Horn

A

a pointedrock peak left at top of mtn

74
Q

Arete

A

spins/ridges of rock that seperate glacial valleys

75
Q

Isostatic rebound

A

land uplifts, once the weight of glacier is taken off to original elevation

76
Q

Eccentricity

A

Variations in shape of Erath’s orbit about the Sun

77
Q

Obliquity

A

Changes in the angle that the axis makes with the plane of Earth’s orbit

78
Q

Precession

A

The wobbling of Earth’s axis

79
Q

Bedload

A

along bottom; Most erosive

80
Q

Suspension load

A

silt/clay; Make water cloudy; Gives water color

81
Q

Dissolved load

A

dissolved minerals/pollutants in solution; Creates foam

82
Q

Early stream

A

Deep; high gradient (steep); High downcutting (v-shaped valley); High velocity (rapids, waterfalls); Narrow; Lots of eroision; Low deposition; Low sidecutting

83
Q

Late stream

A

Shallow; Low gradient (flat); Low downcutting (flat); Low velocity; Wide; Differential erosion (low); lots of deposition (large deltas); High sidecutting

84
Q

Flood plains

A

Sand/gravels originally as Point Bar by meanders, shifting laterally across valley floor

85
Q

levees

A

Successive flooding over years; Increase in elevation

86
Q

deltas

A

Due to drop in velocity as stream enters still water

87
Q

oxbow lakes

A

due to buildup. plugs with silt and clay

88
Q

point bars

A

deposited that occurs inside “point” of the bend as water travels around bend

89
Q

Undercut slope

A

Cut bank; water hitting the meander, loosens the material, which travels downstream which is then deposited on point bar

90
Q

Yazoo streams

A

due to flooding on floodpain and runs parallel to river

91
Q

V shaped valleys

A

forms by downcutting

92
Q

Stream Gradient

93
Q

Rule of V’s

A

opposite direction of v’s is direction of stream flow

94
Q

Base Level

A

The lowest point a stream can erode its channel to; The way it flows

95
Q

Flowing Artesian Well

A

Water must be confined between impermeable layers; Must be below recharge zone/ water table

96
Q

Nonflowing water table

A

located where the pressure surface is below ground level

97
Q

Zone of aeration

A

above water table

98
Q

Zone of saturation

A

below water table

99
Q

Best place to bury toxic waste

100
Q

Hardwater

A

Ca + Mg ions from Limestone; Leaves sa white film, scale in hot water; no suds

101
Q

Calculate permeability

102
Q

Low permeablity rock

103
Q

High permeability rock

104
Q

How a septic tank works

A

Bacteria and filters allow for liquid to move through but not effluent, and solids settle out; Sand filters out solid in effluent; Clean water returns to water table

105
Q

Caves

A

Dissolution of Limestone; Lowering of water table

106
Q

Sinkholes

A

bedrock erodes which causes overburden to fall and then soil faills as well

107
Q

Subsidence

A

Slow sinking of ground due to groundwater withdrawl

108
Q

karst topography

A

acid water dissolves Limeston; Series of Sinkholes

109
Q

lead

A

Sources from pipes; causes brain damage

110
Q

Aresenic

A

Source: naturally in shale/SS and pesticieds; Problems: aresenocosis and cancer

111
Q

Flint water crisis

A

Found high levels of lead, iron, and bacteria in drinking water when switched To Flint River water and didn’t add phosphate

112
Q

Contour interval

A

Change in Elevation b/w index contours / # of space between

113
Q

Land Survey Method

A

Smallest to largest; SE 1/4, NE 1/4, Sec 14, Township (T) 25, R3W

114
Q

Latiude

A

North and South

115
Q

Longitude

A

East and West

116
Q

’

117
Q

”

118
Q

Depressions

A

Circles with tick marks around them

119
Q

Hills

A

Circle within circle

120
Q

Flat lands

A

Flatter = farther apart the lines

121
Q

Elevation of hills and pits

A

Give range

122
Q

Large intervals

123
Q

Fractional Scale

A

1 Inch to … Miles

124
Q

RF scale

A

1inch to 62,500 inches

125
Q

Verbal Scale

A

1 inch : 45 miles

126
Q

Normal fault

A

tensional stress; Divergent boundaries

127
Q

Reverse fault

A

Compressional stress; Convergent boundaries; Usually highest magnitue earthquake; Tsunamis

128
Q

Strike slip

A

Shearing stress; transform boundary

129
Q

Calculating Richter magnitude from seismograph readings

A

Find difference from S/P wave – divide S wave from P wave; Find distance on graph, plot distance and amplitude found in first graph

130
Q

Amplitude

A

highest wave

131
Q

Determine location of epicenter

A
  1. determine lage time b/w P and S waves; 2. go to graph to find distance b/w epicenter and seismograph; 3. plot circles with distance radius; 4. intersect of circles = epicenter (triangualte)
132
Q

What do the circles represent?

A

The distance the seismograph and the epicenter

133
Q

Mercalli scale

A

Measures intensity; Depends on population and building type

134
Q

Primary Waves

A

Compressional; Travels through liquids and solids; Travels through outer core and mantle; fastest

135
Q

Secondary Wave

A

up/down motion; Ground moves up and down; Travels through solids; Travels through mantle

136
Q

Raleigh wave

A

Rolling motion (like water); Very damaging; Slowest

137
Q

Love waves

A

Horizontal shifting of surface; Very damaging; Slowest

138
Q

Intraplate earthquake

A

Thought to be from ancient falts or the astehnosphere causing vertical movements

139
Q

Mantle

A

Solid that flows; P+S waves

140
Q

Outer core

A

Liquid; P waves

141
Q

Inncer core

A

Solid; P waves

142
Q

Moment magnitude scale

A

For bigger earthquakes; x32

143
Q

Epicenter

A

Directly above focus (Earthquake source)

144
Q

Formation of tsunami

A

Displacemnt of water due to power and enegy gained from subduction

145
Q

Evidence supporting contiental drift…

A
  1. shapes of continents fit together; 2. Identical fossils seperated by oceans; 3. Same rock layers match actoss continents; 4. Glacial evidence in today’s tropical climates
146
Q

Why continental drift theory was not widely excepted?

A

Wegner didn’t know what moved the plates; couldn’t descire how continets plow through oceans b/c no ocean data

147
Q

Slab pull

A

plates pull themselves down at subduction zones due to gravity

148
Q

How are continetal shelves related to plate tectonics?

A

Not related at all

149
Q

Post wegner Evidence

A

ocean floor is not flat; zebra stripes; ocean crust is young compared to continets; Pattern of earthquakes

150
Q

What is a plate?

A

Lithosphere and upper asthenosphere

151
Q

Moho

A

the boudary b/w crust and mantle

152
Q

Older rocks at…

A

Edge of MI basin

153
Q

Amplitdue

154
Q

Magnitude

A

32x; Energy released

155
Q

Prediction of earthquake

A

loaction can be predicted by when it will occur is not easily determined

156
Q

A tsunami is created from

A

an underwater reverse falt

157
Q

San Andreas fault type…

A

strike-slip

158
Q

Most of what we know about Earth’s interior

A

comes from seismic waves

159
Q

Location closest to epicenter

A

has largest waves

160
Q

Watertable is highest in…

161
Q

Trench plate boundary

A

Ocean-Ocean

162
Q

Composite plate boundary

A

Ocean- Continetal

163
Q

Divergent volcano

164
Q

Hotspot volcano

Geology (8 decks)

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