Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Geology 101 Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

knowledge of rock properties can help determine things like

A

where it is dangerous to build, whether a groundwater contaminant will migrate off site, what is the best material for making buildings or highways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

understanding earth processes can help determine things like

A

where to expect earthquakes, where to dig for gold or oil, how to make synthetic rubies and diamonds, why a lake in Africa discharged a CO2 cloud that killed hundreds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

three basic rock types

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

igneous rocks

A

formed by solidification from magma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

sedimentary rocks

A

formed by accumulation and lithification of existing mineral grains OR precipitation of dissolved ions from water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

metamorphic rocks

A

formed by alteration of existing rocks under high temperature and/or pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

lithification

A

the process of turning sediments into rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

weathering

A

physical breakage and chemical decomposition of rocks (including dissolution)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

erosion

A

transport of weathered rock away from point of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

rock cycle

A

rocks are generally thought of as eternal; rocks can be “recycled,” where one rock can be broken down or altered and turned into a different type of rock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

igneous rock -?-> weather erode

A

uplift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

weather erode -?-> sedimentary

A

deposition, burial, lithification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sedimentary -?-> weather erode

A

uplift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

sedimentary -?-> metamorphic

A

heat pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

metamorphic -?-> weather erode

A

uplift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

metamorphic -?-> igneous

A

melt, cool, solidify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

igneous -?-> metamorphic

A

heat, pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sedimentary cannot go straight to ? and why

A

igneous; a sedimentary rock will form a metamorphic rock prior to melting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

?, or texture of an igneous rock, was used to classify igneous rocks before it was really understood why it varied so much

A

crystal size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the primary clues to what causes crystal size to vary in igneous rocks came from studying ?

A

volcanic lava flows (since the flows started as magma and solidified to form igneous rocks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

if a section of cooled lava was broken open, several observations could be made:

A

large crystals are never observed in lava; of the small crystals present, the larger crystals are always found near the base or middle, never at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what suggested that time must play a role in igneous rock crystal size?

A

the top of the lava flow cools the fastest and the interior cools slowly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

igneous rocks: the slower the cooling rate, the more time atoms have to ?

A

align themselves to grow larger crystals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

since lava flows always produce small crystals, igneous rocks with large crystals must have formed where?

A

beneath the surface where cooling rates could be very slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
the presence of ? in magma also facilitates larger crystal growth
water
26
two categories of igneous rocks
intrusive, extrusive
27
intrusive igneous rock
magma intruded into existing rock and solidified beneath the surface
28
extrusive igneous rock
magma extruded to the surface (lava) and solidified on the ground
29
igneous rocks are classified using two different systems based on either ? or ?
the occurrence of the rock (where found and in what form) or the composition of the rock (what minerals it is made from)
30
pluton
large igneous body formed at depth
31
batholith
large pluton
32
stock
smaller pluton
33
plutons form in different ways, but all ways start with
magma that begins to rise (because it is less dense than solid rock)
34
the simplest way a pluton forms is by simply
melting its way upward
35
a pluton may also form by stressing ?
overlying rock and flowing upward into fractures
36
sill
tabular intrusion between existing layers
37
sills usually form (horizontally/vertically) because most layers are (horizontal/vertical)
horizontally; horizontal
38
dike
roughly planer intrusion that cuts across existing layers
39
sills are also known as
concordant intrusives
40
dikes are also known as
discordant intrusives
41
vein
deposit of foreign minerals within a fracture; can be igneous or sedimentary
42
if minerals precipitate out in a fracture from water heated by a magma body, the vein is considered ?
igneous
43
if minerals precipitate out in a fracture at lower temperatures not associated with magma, the vein is considered ?
sedimentary
44
examples of massive, uplifted batholiths
Yosemite National Park, California and The Sierra Nevada Mountains in California
45
examples of a stock, possibly beneath an ancient volcano
Devil's Tower, Wyoming and Ship Rock, New Mexico
46
how can we tell if the vein or dike was there first?
if the veins cut through the dike, the dike was there first
47
extrusive igneous rocks are divided into two categories
lava and pyroclastic material (tephra)
48
lava
magma that flows over the surface of the ground and solidifies
49
pyroclastic material (aka tephra)
magma and solidified fragments thrown into the air during an explosive eruption
50
if magma intruded between two existing layers, the upper layer should show
some signs of alteration (metamorphism)
51
if the crystals in the igneous rock are small and there is no metamorphism,
ancient lava flow
52
if the crystals in the igneous rock are large and there is metamorphism,
it must be a sill
53
8 minerals divided into 2 groups
felsic and mafic
54
felsic minerals
high silica content (SiO2), which makes them less dense, and often lighter in color
55
mafic minerals
low in silica, higher in Fe & Mg, which makes them more dense, and often darker in color
56
mafic minerals are more abundant in (continental/oceanic) crust
oceanic
57
mafic minerals (list)
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, Ca-rich plagioclase
58
felsic minerals (list)
quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar, biotite, amphibole
59
? is both mafic and felsic
amphibole
60
granite is (intrusive/extrusive)
intrusive
61
rhyolite is (intrusive/extrusive)
extrusive
62
diorite is (intrusive/extrusive)
intrusive
63
andesite is (intrusive/extrusive)
extrusive
64
gabbro is (intrusive/extrusive)
intrusive
65
basalt is (intrusive/extrusive)
extrusive
66
peridotite is (intrusive/extrusive)
intrusive
67
komatiite is (intrusive/extrusive)
extrusive
68
granite and rhyolite are
felsic
69
diorite and andesite are
intermediate
70
gabbro and basalt are
mafic
71
peridotite and komatiite are
ultra-mafic
72
Magma rising through oceanic crust will tend to be made of ?
mafic minerals
73
Magma rising through continental crust will tend to be ? if not much continental crust is melted
mixed
74
Magma that melts lots of continental crust will tend to be ?
felsic
75
volcanic glass
extrusive igneous rocks; occur when magma cools very fast and the resulting rock has no crystals
76
obsidian
volcanic glass with no air bubbles
77
pumice
volcanic glass with lots of air bubbles, called vesicles
78
tuff
pyroclastic material fused into a solid rock
79
volcanic ash
dust size tephra
80
porphyry
a rock with large crystals (called phenocrysts) in a matrix of fine grained crystals
81
mafic minerals generally melt at (lower/higher) temperatures than felsic minterals
higher
82
at higher pressure, (lower/higher) temperatures are needed to melt the rock
higher
83
if water is present, the rock will melt at a (lower/higher) temperature
lower
84
Bowen's Reaction Series refers to
the sequence of minerals that crystallize from a magma as it cools, and reactions that take place along the way
85
discontinuous reaction series
the stepwise reaction sequence pathway (olivine to biotite)
86
continuous reaction series
the gradual transition from Ca to Na rich plagioclase

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions