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Fall 2018 > Geology 101 Midterm > Flashcards

Geology 101 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

The study of the origin and structure of the universe is known as

A

cosmology

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2
Q

During the formation of the early universe, what is thought to have occurred first?

A

hydrogen formed from subatomic particles

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3
Q

What features would you expect to find in a differentiated planet?

A

internal layers with unique physical and chemical properties

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4
Q

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is

A

thicker and less dense

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5
Q

If we labeled the Earth’s interior in sections 1 to 5, with 5 being the most internal section, which number would identify a liquid portion of the Earth’s interior?

A

4 (outer core) - Earth has a liquid outer core and solid inner core

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6
Q

If we labeled the Earth’s interior in sections 1 to 5, with 5 being the most internal section, which layers would make up the lithosphere?

A

1, 2, and part of 3 (continental, oceanic, and uppermost mantle)

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7
Q

The Moho boundary marks the division between the

A

crust and mantle

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8
Q

A single, unbroken plate can be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. (True/False)

A

True

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9
Q

According to the text, the moon is thought to have formed when a small planet collided with the Earth. (True/False)

A

True

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10
Q

Conchoidal, earthy and uneven are all terms that refer to

A

fractures

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11
Q

A substance with a specific gravity of 0.9 is dropped into a beaker of water. The substance will

A

float

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12
Q

double refraction

A

an image viewed through a thin slice appears in double

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13
Q

A mineral that bends and returns to its original shape is called

A

elastic (think Elastagirl)

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14
Q

To be considered a mineral, atoms must meet 4 criteria

A

naturally occurring, crystalline solid, inorganic, specific chemical composition

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15
Q

Is naturally occurring ice a mineral?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Is diamond formed in a laboratory a mineral?

A

No

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17
Q

Is calcite a mineral?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Is quartz a mineral?

A

Yes

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19
Q

If a material contains carbon, it cannot be a mineral. (True/False)

A

False

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20
Q

What kind of mineral is SrSO4?

A

sulfate

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21
Q

What does crystal habit refer to?

A

the shape of a crystal as it grows

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22
Q

Which term refers to the formation of a mineral from a melt?

A

solidification

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23
Q

When oil is pumped from deep wells, hot water is typically pumped with it. As the water cools in the well pipes, barite will often precipitate onto the pipe walls, eventually ruining the pipes. What type of mineral is barite?

A

sedimentary

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24
Q

What is lithification?

A

processes that turn sediments into rock

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25
Q

label the rock cycle:

1 -uplift -> 2 3 -heat, pressure-> 4 1

A
  1. igneous
  2. erosion
  3. sedimentary
  4. metamorphic
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26
Q

extrusive igneous rocks

A

magma extruded to the surface (lava) and solidified on the ground

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27
Q

You are most likely to find metamorphism near a

A

sill

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28
Q

felsic minerals

A

quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar, biotite, amphibole

29
Q

gabbro is an

A

intrusive mafic rock

30
Q

basalt is an

A

extrusive mafic rock

31
Q

rhyolite is an

A

extrusive felsic rock

32
Q

What is a pegmatite?

A

igneous rock with extremely large crystals

33
Q

What is most likely to happen in a well mixed, mafic magma as it cools?

A

crystallized olivine will react with the magma and convert into pyroxene

34
Q

Which mineral melts at the lowest temperature?

(a) Na-feldspar (b) Ca-feldspar
(c) olivine (d) quartz

A

(d) quartz

35
Q

Which could be a tuff?

(a) rhyolite (b) peridotite (c) granite (d) granodiorite

A

(a) rhyolite

36
Q

Which is a type of volcanic glass?

(a) peridotite (b) pumice (c) porphyry (d) phenocryst

A

(b) pumice

37
Q

Which combination of magma + gas content leads to the most explosive volcanic eruptions?

A

felsic + high

38
Q

Which combination of magma + gas content would you expect to be the most viscous?

A

felsic + low

39
Q

Which combination of magma + gas content would be most likely to form pahoehoe?

A

mafic + high

40
Q

Most of the earth’s volcanoes are

A

basaltic

41
Q

Pyroclastic debris the size of a US quarter are best classified as

A

lapilli

42
Q

Example of a shield volcano

A

Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, Hawaii

43
Q

Which describes the formation of a caldera?

A

massive collapse of the mountain into a depleted magma chamber

44
Q

lahar

A

refers to a mudflow of hot ash and water

45
Q

How do volcanologists know an eruption is about to happen?

A

earthquakes, ground deformation (tilt & expansion), water/ground temperature changes, changes in gas emissions (such as SO2 or HCl)

46
Q

Most of the minerals and particles found in sediments ultimately came from

A

previously existing rocks

47
Q

Addition of which ion makes water more acidic?

A

H+

48
Q

Which mineral dissolves congruently?

(a) quartz (b) Na-feldspar (c) olivine (d) pyroxene

A

(d) pyroxene

49
Q

4FeSiO3 + O2 + 8H2O = 2Fe2O3 + 4H4SiO4o is an example of

A

incongruent weathering

50
Q

What is most likely to be found in a soil for B-horizon?

A

caliche

51
Q

Which climate typically produces the best soil for agriculture?

A

temperate

52
Q

What does a mixture of sand, silt, and clay need to become a soil?

A

humus

53
Q

What is ice (or frost) wedging?

A

fracturing caused by expanding ice in a crack

54
Q

Quartz minerals found in an ancient sand deposit are found to be etched, or frosted on the surface of each grain. The deposit was most likely a

A

desert sand dune

55
Q

What is a synonym of clastic?

A

detrital

56
Q

CaCO3 precipitating as calcite could begin to precipitate as aragonite if the water temperature is increased (True/False)

A

True

57
Q

According to the textbook, additions and removals of dissolved solids in the ocean are

A

balanced: the modern ocean’s salinity is approximately constant

58
Q

Iron is dissolved in water. If the solution is in contact with the atmosphere, what mineral is most likely to precipitate?

A

Fe2O3 (hematite)

59
Q

What are reefs made from?

A

colonies of single celled organisms

60
Q

Which is primarily a chemical sedimentary environment?

A

conglomerate

61
Q

What type of sedimentary rock is most likely to develop from a swamp environment?

A

coal

62
Q

What type of metamorphism are you most likely to find at a mid-ocean ridge?

A

hydrothermal

63
Q

burial metamorphism is likely with

A

low temperature & low pressure

64
Q

volcanism would likely produce metamorphism with

A

high temperature & low pressure

65
Q

Metamorphic conversion of graphite to diamond is an example of

A

structural rearrangement

66
Q

Order gneiss, phyllite, schist, and slate from low to high grade metamorphism

A

slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss

67
Q

A metamorphic rock is altered at a high temperature and pressure, and then later re- metamorphosed at a much lower temperature and pressure. This phenomenon is known as

A

retrograde metamorphism

68
Q

A rock is found to contain chlorite and albite - what type of rock is it?

A

low grade metamorphic rock

69
Q

A streched-pebble conglomerate is an example of

A

deformational texture

Fall 2018 (24 decks)

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