Geology 101 Midterm

Question 1

The study of the origin and structure of the universe is known as

Answer 1

cosmology

Question 2

During the formation of the early universe, what is thought to have occurred first?

Answer 2

hydrogen formed from subatomic particles

Question 3

What features would you expect to find in a differentiated planet?

Answer 3

internal layers with unique physical and chemical properties

Question 4

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is

Answer 4

thicker and less dense

Question 5

If we labeled the Earth’s interior in sections 1 to 5, with 5 being the most internal section, which number would identify a liquid portion of the Earth’s interior?

Answer 5

4 (outer core) - Earth has a liquid outer core and solid inner core

Question 6

If we labeled the Earth’s interior in sections 1 to 5, with 5 being the most internal section, which layers would make up the lithosphere?

Answer 6

1, 2, and part of 3 (continental, oceanic, and uppermost mantle)

Question 7

The Moho boundary marks the division between the

Answer 7

crust and mantle

Question 8

A single, unbroken plate can be made up of both oceanic and continental crust. (True/False)

Answer 8

True

Question 9

According to the text, the moon is thought to have formed when a small planet collided with the Earth. (True/False)

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Conchoidal, earthy and uneven are all terms that refer to

Answer 10

fractures

Question 11

A substance with a specific gravity of 0.9 is dropped into a beaker of water. The substance will

Answer 11

float

Question 12

double refraction

Answer 12

an image viewed through a thin slice appears in double

Question 13

A mineral that bends and returns to its original shape is called

Answer 13

elastic (think Elastagirl)

Question 14

To be considered a mineral, atoms must meet 4 criteria

Answer 14

naturally occurring, crystalline solid, inorganic, specific chemical composition

Question 15

Is naturally occurring ice a mineral?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

Is diamond formed in a laboratory a mineral?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

Is calcite a mineral?

Answer 17

Yes

Question 18

Is quartz a mineral?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

If a material contains carbon, it cannot be a mineral. (True/False)

Answer 19

False

Question 20

What kind of mineral is SrSO4?

Answer 20

sulfate

Question 21

What does crystal habit refer to?

Answer 21

the shape of a crystal as it grows

Question 22

Which term refers to the formation of a mineral from a melt?

Answer 22

solidification

Question 23

When oil is pumped from deep wells, hot water is typically pumped with it. As the water cools in the well pipes, barite will often precipitate onto the pipe walls, eventually ruining the pipes. What type of mineral is barite?

Answer 23

sedimentary

Question 24

What is lithification?

Answer 24

processes that turn sediments into rock

Question 25

label the rock cycle: 1 -uplift -> 2 3 -heat, pressure-> 4 1

Answer 25

1. igneous 2. erosion 3. sedimentary 4. metamorphic

Question 26

extrusive igneous rocks

Answer 26

magma extruded to the surface (lava) and solidified on the ground

Question 27

You are most likely to find metamorphism near a

Answer 27

sill

Question 28

felsic minerals

Answer 28

quartz, muscovite, potassium feldspar, biotite, amphibole

Question 29

gabbro is an

Answer 29

intrusive mafic rock

Question 30

basalt is an

Answer 30

extrusive mafic rock

Question 31

rhyolite is an

Answer 31

extrusive felsic rock

Question 32

What is a pegmatite?

Answer 32

igneous rock with extremely large crystals

Question 33

What is most likely to happen in a well mixed, mafic magma as it cools?

Answer 33

crystallized olivine will react with the magma and convert into pyroxene

Question 34

Which mineral melts at the lowest temperature? (a) Na-feldspar (b) Ca-feldspar (c) olivine (d) quartz

Answer 34

(d) quartz

Question 35

Which could be a tuff? | (a) rhyolite (b) peridotite (c) granite (d) granodiorite

Answer 35

(a) rhyolite

Question 36

Which is a type of volcanic glass? | (a) peridotite (b) pumice (c) porphyry (d) phenocryst

Answer 36

(b) pumice

Question 37

Which combination of magma + gas content leads to the most explosive volcanic eruptions?

Answer 37

felsic + high

Question 38

Which combination of magma + gas content would you expect to be the most viscous?

Answer 38

felsic + low

Question 39

Which combination of magma + gas content would be most likely to form pahoehoe?

Answer 39

mafic + high

Question 40

Most of the earth's volcanoes are

Answer 40

basaltic

Question 41

Pyroclastic debris the size of a US quarter are best classified as

Answer 41

lapilli

Question 42

Example of a shield volcano

Answer 42

Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, Hawaii

Question 43

Which describes the formation of a caldera?

Answer 43

massive collapse of the mountain into a depleted magma chamber

Question 44

lahar

Answer 44

refers to a mudflow of hot ash and water

Question 45

How do volcanologists know an eruption is about to happen?

Answer 45

earthquakes, ground deformation (tilt & expansion), water/ground temperature changes, changes in gas emissions (such as SO2 or HCl)

Question 46

Most of the minerals and particles found in sediments ultimately came from

Answer 46

previously existing rocks

Question 47

Addition of which ion makes water more acidic?

Answer 47

H+

Question 48

Which mineral dissolves congruently? | (a) quartz (b) Na-feldspar (c) olivine (d) pyroxene

Answer 48

(d) pyroxene

Question 49

4FeSiO3 + O2 + 8H2O = 2Fe2O3 + 4H4SiO4o is an example of

Answer 49

incongruent weathering

Question 50

What is most likely to be found in a soil for B-horizon?

Answer 50

caliche

Question 51

Which climate typically produces the best soil for agriculture?

Answer 51

temperate

Question 52

What does a mixture of sand, silt, and clay need to become a soil?

Answer 52

humus

Question 53

What is ice (or frost) wedging?

Answer 53

fracturing caused by expanding ice in a crack

Question 54

Quartz minerals found in an ancient sand deposit are found to be etched, or frosted on the surface of each grain. The deposit was most likely a

Answer 54

desert sand dune

Question 55

What is a synonym of clastic?

Answer 55

detrital

Question 56

CaCO3 precipitating as calcite could begin to precipitate as aragonite if the water temperature is increased (True/False)

Answer 56

True

Question 57

According to the textbook, additions and removals of dissolved solids in the ocean are

Answer 57

balanced: the modern ocean's salinity is approximately constant

Question 58

Iron is dissolved in water. If the solution is in contact with the atmosphere, what mineral is most likely to precipitate?

Answer 58

Fe2O3 (hematite)

Question 59

What are reefs made from?

Answer 59

colonies of single celled organisms

Question 60

Which is primarily a chemical sedimentary environment?

Answer 60

conglomerate

Question 61

What type of sedimentary rock is most likely to develop from a swamp environment?

Answer 61

coal

Question 62

What type of metamorphism are you most likely to find at a mid-ocean ridge?

Answer 62

hydrothermal

Question 63

burial metamorphism is likely with

Answer 63

low temperature & low pressure

Question 64

volcanism would likely produce metamorphism with

Answer 64

high temperature & low pressure

Question 65

Metamorphic conversion of graphite to diamond is an example of

Answer 65

structural rearrangement

Question 66

Order gneiss, phyllite, schist, and slate from low to high grade metamorphism

Answer 66

slate, phyllite, schist, and gneiss

Question 67

A metamorphic rock is altered at a high temperature and pressure, and then later re- metamorphosed at a much lower temperature and pressure. This phenomenon is known as

Answer 67

retrograde metamorphism

Question 68

A rock is found to contain chlorite and albite - what type of rock is it?

Answer 68

low grade metamorphic rock

Question 69

A streched-pebble conglomerate is an example of

Answer 69

deformational texture